His La Madonna di Santa Maria in Trastevere redated a pivotal panel of painting in the church from the sixth to the eighth century, arguing against the dating of Cesare Brandi. Brandi's date has subsequently proven correct.

Second director of the Courtauld Institute and scholar of the art of the Crusades. Boase was the son of Charles Millet Boase, a bleaching mill manager at near Dundee and Anne Malcolm Sherrer Ross. He attended Rugby School from 1912. A prize given for an essay on Lorenzo de' Medici led to a scholarship at Magdalen College, Oxford. At Oxford he studied under the historian Francis Fortescue Urquhart (1868-1934), known as "Sligger," whose method can be seen in Boase's own work.

Historian of pre-Christian art; developed the idea that prehistoric objects could be measured by periods of geologic time in which they were imbedded. Boucher de Perthes was appointed the director of the customhouse at Abbeville in 1825. Like many educated people in the nineteenth century, his hobby was archaeology. He spent his spare time digging in the nearby Somme valley. By 1837, his discoveries included flint hand axes and other tools lodged in the bones of mammals known to be extinct.

semiotics applied to christian iconography

Scottish architectural historian, active in India. Fergusson was born in the town of Ayr, on the west coast of Scotland. James was the second son of Dr. William Fergusson, who served as the Inspector General of Military Hospitals — a role which required much overseas travel. James received his early education at the Royal High School in Edinburgh and, later, in Hounslow, outside London. In 1829 he travelled to Bengal, India, where his older brother lived, before moving to Calcutta where he earned his fortune working as an indigo merchant.

Medievalist and director of the Index of Christian Art, Princeton University, 1951-1982. Green was the daughter of Sidney Green, a businessman, and Freda Braunstein (Green). At 5 she moved with her family to New York City attending public schools and then Pratt Institute intending on a career in industrial design. After graduation she worked for textile designers. She applied to the University of Chicago and entered the art history program in 1938 where she earned all her subsequent degrees, beginning with a BA in 1939 and an AM in 1941.

Syriac and Greek scholar, first curator for sculptures, antiquities [and objet d'art] at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Professor and early Christian art scholar at University of Vienna. In 1895 Härtel co-published, Die Wiener Genesis, with his Vienna colleague Franz Wickhoff. Härtel undertook the description of the manuscript and of the Greek text, and Wickhoff that of the pictures.

Medievalist of the early Christian/Byzantine era. Married to the art museum director Heribert Hutter.

Historian and compiler of Italian saint iconography. Kaftal was raised in Russia. At the Bolshevik revolution, he fled across the snows of Russia initially to Paris, where many émigrés fled. There he worked briefly as a stockbroker, then studied for the preisthood before moving to Florence in the 1930s. In Italy, he devoted himself to the systematic study of the iconography of Italian saints.

Founder of archaeological studies in medieval art history in Germany; church reformer. Kraus' parents were Paul Kraus (1804-1865), an art teacher at Gymnasium in Trier and Maria Magdalena Kraus (1801-1871). The young Kraus graduated from the same Gymnasium in 1858 and entered the seminary. He left the seminary in 1860 for financial reasons, travelling to Paris, tutoring French there and studying science at the Bibliothèque Nationale.

Specialist in the iconography of Near Eastern illuminated manuscripts and wall painting. At age seventeen, Leroy became a monk with the Benedictines of Solemnes, who at that moment were in exile on the Island of Wight (United Kingdom) and returned to Solemnes in 1922. Between 1930 and 1933 he studied at the Pontificio Istituto Biblico in Rome, where he graduated in biblical studies. In 1934 he left the monastery and settled as a priest in Paris. The next twenty years he held several teaching positions, and he continued doing research.

Historian and theologian; wrote Sketches of the History of Christian Art. Lindsay was the eldest son of James Crawford and Maria Margaret Francis Pennington. He was educated at Eton where he early on began collecting books. He graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, with an M. A. in 1833. In 1834 Lindsay inherited a small fortune which allowed him travel widely in Europe and the Mediterranean beginning in 1836, viewing art and gathering observations for his theories of art and Christian history.

His book, Monuments of the Early Church (1901) was one of the early required texts to be listed in the course catalog for the art history classes of Princeton University.

Early historian of medieval Christian art. Willibald Sauerländer included Martin among the "pantheon of great [early] art historians" of medieval art whose numbers included Adolphe Napoléon Didron, Charles Cahier, Ferdinand Piper and Franz Xaver Kraus.

Byzantinist and historian of Early Christian art and architecture. Mathews graduated with a degree in Classics and Philosophy from Boston College in 1957, receiving an M.A. in philosophy the following year. He taught as an Instructor in classical languages at Holy Cross College, Worcester, MA, between 1958 and 1960. Mathews wrote a second master's thesis in art history at New York University in 1962 before entering Weston College, Somerset, UK, for an Licentiate in Sacred Theology (S. T. L.) in 1965. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).

Archaeologist, epigrapher, and historian of ancient Christian and Islamic architecture. Monneret de Villiard began his career as an architect, later becoming an instructor of medieval architecture at the Politenico in Milan. His interest in archaeology led him to North Africa, where he studied Coptic art and its Greek and Egyptian origins. In 1923, Monneret de Villard completed a monograph on the Aswan, an Islamic necropolis. He was a major contributor to the scholarship on the Nubian region during the medieval period, leading several archaeological excavations in Addis Ababa.

First woman to receive full university professor rank at Princeton University; second director of the Index of Christian Art at Princeton. Phila Lazarus Calder attended the Mount Vernon Seminary and College in Washington, D.C. from 1889 to 1891. In 1893, she married Joseph Keith Nye (b. 1858) from New Bedford, Massachusetts. Little is known about Nye’s earlier time at Mount Vernon Seminary, although she returned to teach there in 1899.

Early iconographer of medieval Christian art. Willibald Sauerländer included Piper among the "pantheon of great [early] art historians" of medieval art whose numbers included Adolphe Napoléon Didron, Charles Cahier, Camille Martin and Franz Xaver Kraus.

Iconographic scholar and compiler of a Christian iconographic dictionary. Schiller published her Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst beginning in 1966, an index of iconographic symbolism appearing in Christian art. The volumes pertaining to the New Testament were translated into English in 1971. In 1969 Schiller was appointed a Leiterin (Head) of religious art for the Evangelical-Lutheran church in Hamburg. She was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Kirchlichen Hochschule in Berlin in 1979 for her work.

Student of A. Fürtwangler. Professor at the University of Kiel, 1925-1945

Scholar of early Christian art; Princeton University professor and chair of the department. Smith graduated from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn in 1906 and received his A. B. and Bowdoin College in 1911. He moved to Princeton University studying under Charles Rufus Morey and Howard Crosby Butler, where he earned his M. A. in 1912 and his Ph.D. in 1915. His dissertation topic was Early Christian Iconography and the School of Provence. Smith joined the faculty at Princeton the following year and advance rapidly through the academics ranks.

historian of early Christian Greek architecture

Architectural historian and archaeologist of middle eastern churches. Vogüé stemmed from the ancient aristocratic family of the Vivarais, long settled on the banks of the Ardèche river. His father was Léonce de Vogüé (1805-1877), a French bureaucrat, and his mother Henriette de Machault d'Arnouville (1808-1864). His ancestors had been participants in the Third Crusade. His initial interest was in science and he early trained in mathematics. He mastered Greek, Latin, Phoenician, Syriac and Hebrew. As a young man he worked in the diplomatic service in Petrograd, Russia in 1850.

Scholar of Christian iconography; Renaissance religious art; cultural sources and currents within Gothic Italian Gothic forms (particularly sculpture); Spanish art history (sculpture); Max Dvořák influenced; professor at the University of Tübingen (1923-1951). Weise's Das Formleben der gotischer Ausdrucks- und Bewegungsmotive in der Kunst des Manierismus (1954) owes much to Walter F. Friedländer and his concept of Mannerism as "anti-classical" (i.e., akin to gothic tendencies (Posner).