Byzantine iconographic scholar, pupil of N. P. Kondakov. Ainalov weighed in with the important Byzantinists Josef Rudolf Thomas Strzygowski and Charles Rufus Morey in contending that early Christian stylistic forms were drawn from western Asian sources and not principally Rome.

Historian of Russian art, particularly the traditional Russian art forms of medieval, renaissance and 18th and 19th centuries. Responsible for general histories of art reflecting the ideals of the Soviet period and several histories of Russian art. Professor at the Theatre and Architecture institutes (Moscow University) and the Academy of Art. Associated with Oskar Wulff, Viktor Mikitich Lazarev and N. I Brunov.

Writer, painter, museum director, and historian of Russian art and architecture. Grabar studied at the Academy of Arts at the University of St. Petersburg in 1894, and moved to Munich two years later. As an art student, he was affiliated with the Jugendstil movement, but returned to St. Petersburg in 1901. In 1913, he was appointed professor at the Academy of Arts and Director of the Tret'yakov Gallery in Moscow. Grabar supervised the restoration of Russian architecture and painting, publishing several articles on Russian art.

Scholar of Byzantium and manuscript collector; principal author of the first serious monograph ever on the frescoes in Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome (1911). Grüneisen was the son of an apothecary from a Baltic-German family living in Russia. He grew up in St. Petersburg, attending the St. Petri school between 1881-1890. He attended the university in St. Petersburg and then the Imperial Architectural Institute, eventually teaching there was well.

Scholar of classical Greek, Roman and Near Eastern art; renowned archaeologist. Hanfmann's family migrated from Russia to Germany when was 10. In Germany he studied first at the University in Jena, and then at Munich where he studied under Ernst Buschor and Hans Diepolder. His degree was finally granted at the Friedrich Wilhelms Universität in Berlin.

Historian and compiler of Italian saint iconography. Kaftal was raised in Russia. At the Bolshevik revolution, he fled across the snows of Russia initially to Paris, where many émigrés fled. There he worked briefly as a stockbroker, then studied for the preisthood before moving to Florence in the 1930s. In Italy, he devoted himself to the systematic study of the iconography of Italian saints.

Byzantinist art historian and founder of modern art method for Byzantine studies primarily through iconography. He was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, which is present-day Prague, Czech Republic. Kondakov attended Moscow University under Fedor Ivanovich Buslayev (1818-1897) between 1861 and 1865. He taught at the University of Odessa (1870-1888) spending summers traveling and researching Byzantine art.

Byzantine iconography; student of Dmitrii Vlas'evich Ainalov III

Historian Renaissance painting and modern architecture. Malkiel-Jirmounsky taught at St. Petersburg and later Sorbonne. Beginning in 1941 he was a lecturer at the National Museum, Lisbon. The art historian Bernard Berenson read Malkiel-Jirmounsky's Problèmes des primitifs portugais (1941) while Berenson was in forced confinement in his home in Italy in 1942. Berenson commented, "the illustrations suggest all sorts of problems which the writer does not treat at all.

Historian who wrote two popular works on artists in the 19th century. Merezhkovsky made special use of the translations of the notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci by Jean Paul Richter. Richter had been the first to translate and publicize Leonardo's writings. Merezhkovsky published his Romance of Leonardo da Vinci in 1902 and it soon appeared in many languages. It was the source for Sigmund Freud's study of Leonardo.

Archaeologist and historian of prehistoric art and culture. For twenty-three years, Okladnikov served as a staff member of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of Archaeology in Leningrad. His research concentrated on the art of the Bronze Age in the Baikal region, and the monuments of the Neolithic Age. In 1961, Okladinov was appointed head of the humanities research department of the Institute of Economics in the USSR Academy of Science's Siberian division. One year later, he became a professor and chair of the history department at Novosibirsk University.

Archaeologist and historian of Russian and Near Eastern (Egypt, Assyria) art. Piotrovsky graduated from Leningrad University with a degree from the historical philology department. After receiving his degree, he joined the staff of the History of Material Culture, and went on to become a curator at the State Hermitage Museum in 1931, where he would publish his research on the history of the Hermitage's collections. As an archaeologist, Piotrovsky led expeditions to Nubia and the Kamir blur.

Marxist art theorist, author of a monograph on eighteenth-century French art monograph. He died in "Terioka, Russia near Petrograd, which is in present-day St. Petersburg, Russia.

Critic, theorist, museum official, and historian of Russian art. Punin studied history at St. Petersburg University. He worked in the Department of Old Russian Painting at the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, where he edited the arts articles in several publications, including Severnyye zapiski, and Russkaia ikuna. Punin was one of the first scholars to publish theories on Old Russian painting, serving as the director of the Fine Arts Department of an organization called Narkompros, from 1928-1921.

Archaeologist and historian of ancient Russian art. Ravdonikas taught at Leningrad University and became a member of the Soviet version of the Academy of Sciences in 1946. He discovered several pieces of jewelry during an excavation of the 9th-13th century barrows of the Lagoda region, and studied the petroglyphs of the Onega region. Ravdonikas was able to recreate the arrangement of the old Russian town of Staraya Ladoga, where he also found wooden carvings. He died in Leningrad, USSR, present day St. Petersburg, Russia.

Scholar of Russian and Byzantine art; wife of art historian David Talbot Rice. Abelson was the daughter of Israel Boris Abelevich Abelson, a businessman and finance officer to the czar, and Louisa Elizabeth ("Lifa") Vilenkin (Abelson) (d. 1954). Raised in privilege by governesses and (she was a god-daughter to Leo Tolstoy), she attended the Tagantzeva Girls' School in St. Petersburg until the Revolution in 1917 forced her family to flee, she and her mother to Finland and eventually to London and Paris. In England, she briefly attended Cheltenham Ladies' College and St.

Russian (Marxist) art historian of twentieth-century art.

Dura Europos scholar; social- and art historian. He was born in Zhitomir, Urkraine, Russia, near Kiev. Rostovtzeff's father, Ivan Yakovlevich Rostovtzveff, was a teacher of classical languages from whom the younger Rostovtzeff also learned. He continued study at the university in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he heard lectures by the Byzantinist Nikodim Pavlovich Kondakov. Rostovtzeff wrote his college thesis in 1892 on Pompeii, continuing to study during a three-year trip to the near east and Europe.

Historian and collector of Russian graphic arts and engravings. After receiving his law degree in 1844, Rovisky began to publish articles on the Academy of Art during the reign of Catherine II and the Russian school of icon painting. His work on Russian engravers won him the Uvarov Prize in 1864, and he was elected to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in 1870. After spending 25 years researching Russian popular prints, Rovinsky published an illustrated work that highlighted prints from his own collection, and placed them in their social and cultural context of 17th-19th century Russia.

Russian archaeologist and medievalist art historian. Smirnov was born in Petrograd, Russia, which is present-day St. Petersburg, Russia. He graduated from the University in St. Petersburg in 1891 with a degree in philology. He taught as a Privatdozent in St. Petersburg. In 1899 his work on Syrian silver, published with D. A. Khvol'son appeared and he accepted the position in the medieval and renaissance department at the State Hermitage Museum.

Soviet linguist and art historian; Semiotoc approach.

Historian and archaeologist of Russian art, conservator and museum director. A student of Timofey Granovsky at the Moscow University, Zabelin's early years were spent in the Kremlin Armory (1837-59). Here he wrote his early monograph on metalwork (1853). In 1859 he joined the St. Petersburg Archaeological Commission, serving until 1876. Between 1879-1888 he was Chair of the Society of Russian History and Antiquity, Moscow University. During that period, he also accepted the position of director of the History Museum (in Moscow) 1883-1908.