Archaeologist, classical art historian and editor of the Journal of Hellenic Studies,1897-1932. Gardner was the son of Thomas Gardner and Ann Pearse. He studied initially at the City of London School under the Semitic scholar Edwin A. Abbott (1838-1926) and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, beginning in 1880, graduating in 1884, and joining the college as a fellow from 1885 (to 1894). Beginning in 1885, he furthered the excavations at Naucratis (Egypt) for the Egypt Exploration Fund (1885-6), begun by Sir Flinders Petrie (1853-1942).

Architectural historian and architect; coiner of the term "Norman" for English Romanesque architecture. Rickman hailed from a large Quaker family. His father, Joseph Rickman (1749-1810) a surgeon and apothecary, and mother Sarah Neave Rickman (1747-1809), ardent Quakers, disallowed a university education or an interest in the arts, which they considered frivolous. Instead, his father trained him also to be an apothecary and surgeon. By 1800 his studies were completed in London and briefly practiced in Lewes, Sussex.