Lehman was born in 1905 in Charlottenburg, Germany. His parents were Frida Model and manufacturer Georg Lehmann. He began his studies at Freiburg University and later completed his doctorate of philosophy at the University of Frankfurt. He worked under Rudolf Kautzsch and completed his dissertation Lombardische Plastik im letzten Drittel des XV. Jahrhunderts in 1928.

Art historian of ancient Greek painting and sculpture. Pfhul's father was the sculptor Johannes Pfuhl (1846-1914). Pfuhl attended the university in Berlin where he studied under the classicists Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz and Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848-1931). He traveled to Rome with fellow student Richard Delbrueck. In Greece he excavated the necropolis at Thera, under the direction of Friedrich, Freiherr Hiller von Gaertringen (1864-1947).

Medievalist; Curator of Decorative Arts and Sculpture at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,1956-1973. Swarzenski grew up in Frankfurt, Germany, where his father, Georg Swarzenski was the director of the Städelsches Kunstinstitut (museum) and the Liebieghaus sculpture museum. His mother was Ella Perec-Wilcynska, [name sometimes appearing as Pertz-Wilcynska]. As a young man he met the German Expressionist artist Max Beckmann who taught at the Städelsches school. He studied art history at Freiburg under Walter F.