Collector of drawings and connoisseur; worked on a universal history of art. An annotated translation of his life of Bernini was annotated and translated into German by the eminent Austrian art historian Aloïs Riegl, published in 1912.

Collector

Early collector of Egon Schiele, wrote a memoir of the artist. Benesch was a railroad administrator in Vienna for the southern line. Although the position was not a particularly lucrative one, he collected contemporary Austrian art. Early on he befriended the Austrian expressionist artist Egon Schiele and became one of his earliest patrons. Schiele painted a combined portrait of him and his son in 1913 (Doppelbildnis H. Benesch und Sohn, Neue Galerie der Stadt Linz, Wolfgang Gurlitt Museum, Inventory 12).

Print and book collector, wrote major inventory of prints.

Collector and romantic-era historian of German medieval art.

doctor, scientist, scholar, art historian; purchased Raphael's Sistine Madonna (c. 1512-14), in 1753 for the Dresden Gemäldegalerie, wrote important monographs on Piranesi (1779), Mengs ( 1780) and antiquarian work, Descrizione dei circhi particolarmente di quello di Caracalla (1789).

Early collector of artists' biographies; rhetorician; notary. De Bie was born in the city of Lier near Antwerp in 1627. His father, Adrianus, was a painter. Since De Bie called himself a philosopher, it may be assumed that he studied philosophy, possibly at the University of Louvain. He had a broad knowledge of languages, including Latin, Italian, and Spanish. He married twice. His first wife, Elisabeth Smith, died in 1662 in an accident. She left him with four children. Four more children were born out of his second marriage to Isabella Caelheyt (died 1706).

Print collector, medical doctor; surgeon. Bierens de Haan was the son of David Bierens de Haan, professor of mathematics and physics at Leiden University, and Johanna Catharina Justina IJssel de Schepper. The young Bierens de Haan attended the Leiden gymnasium and, from 1887 to 1894, he studied medicine at Leiden University. He also received training in hospitals and universities abroad, in particular in Bonn, Vienna, Paris, and London. In those years he began building up his print collection, while visiting the European print rooms.

Collector and collaborator on catalogs of German and Netherlandish paintings with his brother Sulpiz. Melchior came from an old wealthy family who hoped he would become a scientist and his older brother, Sulpiz Boisserée, run the family business. The two were raised during the Napoleonic occupation of Cologne. Through his friend Johann B. Bertram he and Sulpiz became interested in art and especially that of the medieval era, a period well represented by the so-called Cologne school of painting, though much under appreciated.

Collector and architectural historian, who, with his brother, Melchior, introduced a romantic conception to art history. Sulpiz came from an old wealthy family who hoped he would follow in the family business (and that his brother, Melchior Boisserée, would become a scientist). The two were raised during the Napoleonic occupation of Cologne. Sulpiz attended school in Hamburg but returned to Cologne in 1799. Through his friend Johann B.

Curator at the Louvre; art collector. Both de Tauzia, commonly known as Tauzia, had a Dutch grandmother, Suzanne-Marie Both, whose name, Both, was added to his father's family name. An earlier scion of the Both family, Pieter Both, was the first governor of the Dutch East Indies (1610-1614). Tauzia's father, Pierre-Paul Both de Tauzia (1778-1843) was a royalist in the service of the city of Bordeaux. Between 1828 and 1830 he was administrator of the royal lottery. Tauzia's mother was Jeanne Fayt. The young Tauzia spent his early youth in Bordeaux.

Director of the Mauritshuis museum, 1889-1909, connoisseur and art collector. Bredius was raised in a wealthy family. His father was Johannes Jacobus Bredius a director of a powder factory in Amsterdam. His family collected Chinese porcelain and 17th-century Dutch paintings, which Bredius would build upon. His mother died when he was only ten. Early in his career, he intended to become a concert pianist, but realized after three years of study that he would never become an outstanding musician.

Art historian and collector, established "Cicognara" art bibliography. Cicognara was educated in Modena at the Collegio dei Nobili. As a young man he knew the sculptor Antonio Canova. In 1788 he moved to Rome where he was admitted to the Società dell'Arcadia. There he studied art with Domenico Corvi (1721-1803) and the German painter Jacob Philipp Hackert (1737-1807). In addition, he gained an enthusiasm for classical ruins and contemporary art theory.

Historian of Netherlandish art, art collector; mountaineer and adventurer; first chair of art history in Britain. Conway's father was William Conway, a vicar in Rochester, Kent, and later rector of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, and his mother Elizabeth Martin (Conway). After attending Repton School he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1875 studying history. He was already an avid mountaineer, climbing the Alps during college recesses; he was elected to the Alpine Club in 1877.

Early and influential curator and collector of South Asian art in United States. Coomaraswamy's father was a lawyer and native of Ceylon and his mother was British. His father died when Coomaraswamy was two and the family moved to England. He obtained Bachelor of Science degree in Botany and Geology from University College, London, along with the prevailing anti-modernist Pre-Raphaelite esthetics of John Ruskin. He returned to Ceylon in 1903 to be the Director of Mineralogical Survey of Ceylon.

Art historian, critic and collector, principally of Cubism. Cooper was born to a wealthy family who had made their fortune in Australia generations before. His father, Arthur Hamilton Cooper, was a career military officer, a captain in the Essex regiment and his mother was Mabel Alice Smith-Marriott. Cooper attended the Repton School, Derbyshire, before entering Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1930 with degrees in French and German. He next briefly attended the Sorbonne in Paris and the University of Freiburg, studying art history at both.

Museum curator, professor and art collector. Courajod attended the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris. After his graduation from Law school in 1864, he was trained as an archivist and paleographer at the école des Chartes from 1864 until 1867 where he met, among others, the future founder of art history at the Sorbonne, Henry Lemonnier. He continued his studies at the école des Hautes études. From 1867 until 1874 he served as an employee at the Cabinet des Estampes of the Bibliothèque Nationale, under chief curator Henri Delaborde.

Toulouse-Lautrec scholar and collector. President of the Society of Friends of the Albi Museum (France). Wrote the catalogue raisonné of Toulouse-Laurtec's work.

First American to present nonobjective and modernist art in a book positively, modernist art collector and lawyer. Eddy's parents were Jerome Eddy (1829-1905) a Flint, MI businessman and politician, and Ellen M. Case (Eddy). Arthur Eddy entered Harvard Law School in 1877 but in 1879 returned to be publisher of the Genesee Democrat newspaper. He continued studying law with a local expert. In 1888 he moved to Chicago to begin his legal career, passing the Illinois Bar in 1890 and marrying Lucy C. Orrell, the granddaughter of Michigan governor Henry Howland Crapo (1804-1869).

Oxford-trained private medievalist art historian and collector. Evans was the daughter of Sir John Evans (1823-1908) an archaeologist, and his third wife, Maria Millington Lathbury (1856-1944). Her mother attended Oxford at age 30 and married at 36. Joan Evan's half-brother by more than forty years was the archaeologist Arthur J. Evans. The girl had a lonely childhood, essentially raised by her nanny.

Early American scholar of Chinese art, collector and procurer for American art museums; Chinese governmental adviser. Ferguson was the son of John Ferguson and Catherine Matilda Pomeroy (Ferguson). His father was a Methodist minister and his mother a schoolteacher. The family traveled frequently because of the father's work. Ferguson attended Albert College in Ontario, Canada and then Boston University, where he graduated in 1886. He was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal church shortly thereafter and, in 1887, married Mary Elizabeth Wilson.

Collector, art patronage scholar, director of the Burlington Magazine, 1952-1986. Ford was the son of Captain Richard Ford (1860-1940), a British army officer, and Rosamund Isabel Ramsden (1872-1911). He was descendant of the Irish dramatist Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816). His great-grandfather, Richard Ford (1796-1856), was a connoisseur and author of the important travel book on Spain, Handbook For Spain,1845. Born to wealth, Ford attended Eton and then Trinity College, Oxford, graduating in 1930 in modern history.

Collector and art historian, author of collection catalogs of the South Kensington Museum (later Victoria and Albert); considered "second founder" of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fortnum was the son of Charles Fortnum (1770-1860), a businessman, and Laetitia Stephens (1782-1853), his father's second wife. The younger Fortum was educated privately due to concerns of poor health. He joined his father's business briefly in London but hated commerce.

Political activist, cultural historian and Daumier scholar; art collector. Fuchs' father was a shopkeeper. Early on the younger Fuchs developed socialist and Marxist political convictions. In 1886 he joined the outlawed political party Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei (the precursor of the modern SPD, Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands). Fuchs received a doctor of law degree and practiced as an attorney. In 1892 he became editor-in-chief of the satiric weekly Süddeutscher Postillon and later co-editor of the Leipziger Volkszeitung.

Art historian and collector; Gabburri compiled after 1719 an ambitious encyclopedic dictionary of artists' lives, ranging from the primitives to his contemporaries, called the Vite, it remains in manuscript.