First female professor at La Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; known for publishing an authoritative monograph on Giorgio Vasari’s Lives. Barocchi grew up spending time in her family's goldsmith shop in Florence, Italy, near the Ponte Vecchio, which she admitted helped refine her aesthetic sense of experiencing the world as a visual field (Passerini).

Byzantine and Russian art specialist, later historian of 19th- and 20th-century painting (U.S. career). Born was born in Breslau, Silesia, Prussia, which is present-day Wroclaw, Poland. Born's parents were Gustav Born (1850-1900), a professor of anatomy and embryology at the University in Breslau, and Berthe Lipstein (Born). Born served in World War I in the sanitary corps. After the war he married Susi Bial in 1918 studying studio art at schools between 1919-1923 in Munich and under Édouard Vuillard in Paris.

Artist and professor of art history at the Universities of Heidelberg, Strasbourg, and Munich; exponent of 20th-century art and founder of the modern art-historical encyclopedia. Burger was the son of a banker. He started architectural studies in 1896 in Munich, but cut them short for enrollment in the military the following year. From 1900 onward, he studied art history in Heidelberg. The new art movement of Darmstadt became the subject of his first publication in 1902. He married the daughter of the Heidelberg classicist Friedrich von Duhn the same year.

Spanish Art Historian, writer, art critic, and member of the Royal Board of Trustees of the Prado Museum. Maria Luisa Caturla was born in Barcelona, Spain, but lived most of her life in Madrid. Although she never attended a university, she early on developed an interest in art, especially ceramics and fabrics. She began to study art history using the books of Heinrich Wölfflin during her first trip to Italy which became a formative experience for her eventual field of work.

Curator, art critic, art historian, and educator. Enwezor was born as the youngest son of an Igbo family in Calabar, Nigeria. During the Biafran war of 1967-1970, he and his family were forced to move to the city of Enugu, Nigeria. In 1982, after finishing a semester at the University of Nigeria, Enwezor moved to the Bronx, in New York. In 1987 he earned a B.A. in political sciences at Jersey City State College, now New Jersey City University.

Smithsonian curator of 19th & 20th century African American Art; Romare Bearden scholar. Carroll Greene was born in 1931 in Washington D.C., and studied at Columbia University and New York University, earning degrees in History and English. Greene’s combining of his passions for African American history and art began in the 1960s while teaching English at NYU and co-curating collections on campus as a hobby.

Museum director and author of major 20th-century art survey. He was born in Glowno, Prussia which is present day Poland. Haftmann studied art history, philosophy and archeology at the universities in Göttingen and Berlin between 1932-36. In 1935 he began contributing to the journal Art and Nation. These publications were soon banned by the Nazis, however, and Haftmann worked from 1936 onward at the Kunsthistorisches Insitut (Art History Institute) in Florence where studied the cultural history of the early Italian Renaissance.

Curator at the Whitney Museum of Art and specialist in mid-20th century American painting and sculpture. Haskell was born in San Diego to John N. Haskell and Barbara Freeman (Haskell). She received her undergraduate education from the University of California Los Angeles in 1969, and following graduation, she secured a job as a registrar at the Pasadena Museum.

Spanish Art Historian. She received undergraduate degrees in philosophy and English at the University of Seville. Heredia Moreno wrote her doctorate thesis La orfebrería en la Provincia de Huelvaat the University of Seville as well in 1976 receiving her doctorate in Art History. During this time, she began teaching at the university as an assistant professor at the Chair of History of Hispanic-American Art. Between the years of 1976 and 1983, she was an interim adjunct professor in the Art department of the University of Navarra.

Museum Curator, architectural historian and theorist of the 19th and 20th centuries. Hermann first studied engineering at the Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule in Zürich before switching to art history and philosophy at the University of Freiburg. After sojourns at Wilhelm Humboldt University in Berlin and the University of Munich, he was granted a doctorate from Leipzig in 1923/4 under Wilhelm Pinder.

Interdisciplinary historian of 19th- and 20th-century art, museum director. Hofmann was the son of Leopold Hofmann and Anna Visvader (Hofmann). He studied art history in Paris and Vienna, graduating from the University of Vienna. Between 1950-55, he worked as an assistant curator of the Albertina Museum in Vienna. In 1957 Hofmann took on fellow Vienna-school art historian Hans Sedlmayr in his review of Sedlmayr's book Verlust der Mitte.

Scholar of 20th-century American prints and Curator of Prints and Drawings at the Brooklyn Museum from 1941 until 1969. Johnson received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in art history and literature in 1928. She began work at the Cleveland Museum of Art, earning an M.A. degree from Western Reserve University in Cleveland (today Case Western Reserve) in 1937. The previous year she moved to Brooklyn, NY, to an assistant curator of prints at the Brooklyn Museum under Carl O. Schniewind. In 1941 she succeeded Schniewind as curator.

Professor of Art History, American Studies, and Women Studies at Baruch College and Graduate Center at the City University of New York. Levin graduated from Northside High School in Atlanta. In 1969, she completed her B.A. from Simmons College and a year later, her M.A. in fine arts from Tufts University.  While working on her Ph.D.,  Levin joined the New School for Social Research (NSSR) in 1973 as an instructor. She held this position for two years, followed by a year appointment to the Connecticut College as an assistant professor in art history. Levin received her Ph.D.

Expatriate writer in France and Giacometti scholar. Lord was born to Albert Lord, a New York stock broker and Louise Bennett (Lord). He attended Wesleyan University, but a self-admitted poor student, he enlisted in the United States army after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. His facility with French qualified him for Military Intelligence Service af the invasion of Normandy; he was stationed in France. While there, Lord searched out Pablo Picasso in 1944 locating him in his studio on the Rue des Grands-Augustins.

Founder of the popular German art history survey of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Grundriss der Kunstgeschichte. Lübke's father and grandfather were hosiery merchants. Denied art training by his father, Lübke entered a Catholic school at 21.  The cruelty of the school caused him unhappiness.  Lübke next studied philology at Bonn in 1845.  The teaching of Gottfried Kinkel there inspired him in art history.

Professor at the UNAM. Rodríguez Prampolini was born in Veracruz in 1926 to Carlos Rodriguez Mendoza, the director of the regional hospital of Veracruz, and Ida Prampolini who came from Italian descent. She obtained her masters in world history from the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM)) and earned her doctorate from that same institute in 1948 while graduating with magna cum laude honors.

Russian (Marxist) art historian of twentieth-century art.

Museum director of Asian art, historian of twentieth-century French art. Salles was the son of Adolphe Salles and Claire Eiffel, the daughter of Gustav Eiffel. As a boy he spent time in his famous grandfather's house and met many prominent people. As a young man he met most of the Fauves and Cubist artists. As a student he studied literature and law. Salles fought as a soldier in the First World War, twice winning the Croix de Guerre. He excavated sites in Iran, Afghanistan and China. He served as secretary to the Direction des Beaux-Arts between 1921 and 1924.

Art representative for the Commission de Récupération Artistique after World War Two; French art curator at the Louvre. Valland was born to Francisque Valland, a mechanic, and Rose Maria Viardin in a small province in southeastern France. Encouraged to study by her mother, Valland received a scholarship from the École Normale d'Institutrices de Grenoble and graduated in 1918 with a teaching degree. She then earned diplomas from the École Nationale des Beaux-Arts de Lyon in 1922 and the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1925.

Art critic of the early 20th-century modernist art movements; coiner of the terms "Fauvism" and "Cubism". Vauxcelles started writing art criticism in the 1890s, rising to a major figure (and today, documenter) of the art world in Paris. In a 1905 review, Vauxcelles disparagingly described the proto-expressionist French painters around Andre Darin and Henri Matisse, whose work was exhibited among classical sculpture, as "Donatello parmi les fauves" (a Donatello amongst wild beasts). The term "les fauves" (wild beasts) became the epithet for the movement.

Edited dictionary of 20th-century artists, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler des XX. Jahrhunderts and co-editor later volumes of the initial dictionary, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler.