British historian of English and Dutch Art. Armstrong was the son of Walter Armstrong, a merchant, and his wife, Mary Graham (Armstrong). He was initially educated at the Harrow School, later graduating from Exeter College, Oxford. Armstrong married Jane Emily Rose Ferard of Ascot Place in 1873. In 1880, Armstrong distinguished himself as an art critic, writing for various papers, like Pall Mall Gazette, St. James's Gazette, Manchester Guardian, and The Examiner.

Director General of all Prussian museums 1906-1920 and major influence on German art history in the early twentieth century; scholar of Dutch 17th-century painting and Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture. Bode hailed from an illustrious German family. His grandfather, Wilhelm Julius Bode (1779-1854), had been the director of city of Braunschweig, Germany. His father, Wilhelm Bode (1812-1883) was a judge and administrator for the Duke of Braunschweig.

Leading Venetian writer on art in the seventeenth century; wrote a patriotic and polemical defense of Venetian painting, La carta del navegar pittoresco, (The Map of Painting's Journey), 1660). Le ricche miniere della pittura veneziana, 1674, (The Rich Mines of Venetian Painting). Boschini writing, like Ridolfi's, countered Vasari's claims that Florence was the birthplace of Renaissance art. However, Boschini's books were more orderly and well-thought-out than Ridolfi's.

Curator at the musée de Versailles; gave lessons on the great art collections of the 17th and 18th centuries (in the tradition of Edmond Bonnafé) and at the Ecole du Louvre. His students (though not particularly inspired by him) included Charles Sterling. He was part of a group of scholars centered around Louis-Charles-Léon Courajod, including Paul Vitry, Jean Joseph Marie Anatole Marquet de Vasselot, and Raymond Koechlin.

Historian of 17th- and 18th-century Italian art; Soprintendente ai Beni Artistici of Campania, 1965-1984. Causa attended the University of Naples completing his studies with a thesis on the 17th-century Neapolitan painter Micco Spadaro (1609-1675). In 1946 Causa was appointed Ispettore of the Soprintendenza (Naples), where he remained until 1965. During his tenure, he supervised restorations, organized exhibitions and produced art-historical studies of considerable interest.

Painter; founder of the modern practice of art criticism and art historian who helped reassert the primacy of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Dutch/Belgian masters. Fromentin's father, Toussaint Fromentin-Dupeux (d. 1867), was a doctor and amateur painter (trained under Jean-Victor Bertin), and his mother, Jenny Billotte Fromentin-Dupeux, the daughter of a Naval administrator and regional councillor in La Rochelle.

Connoisseur; specialist in Dutch seventeenth-century painting and iconography; Director of the Netherlands Institute for Art History and the Mauritshuis in The Hague. Gudlaugsson was born in Skagen as the son of the Icelandic poet Jonas Gudlaugsson (1887-1916). His mother, Maria Ingenohl, was a Dutch woman raised in Germany. After the death of her husband, she moved with Gudlaugsson, her only child, to Berlin. Gudlaugsson studied art history in Berlin and in Munich. His teachers in Berlin included Oskar Fischel and Wilhelm Pinder.

Administrator and historian of tapestries and 17th and 18th century French art. Guiffrey studied law and paleography. In 1866, he was appointed Keeper of the Archives Nationale, where he worked until 1893. While working at the Archives, Guiffrey became the editor of the publications of the Société de l'Art Francais, renaiming them Nouvelles archives de l'art francais. He contributed articles on a wide range of topics to dozens of scholarly journals, including the Gazette des beaux-arts and the Bulletin de la Société des antiquaires.

Art historian, curator and collector of medieval and 17th-century European art. Heil left Germany to become curator of European art at the Detroit Institute of Art in1926.  In 1933 he was appointed dual director of the California Palace of the Legion of Honor and the M.H de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco (today merged as the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco).  There, in 1934 he hired the German expatriate Elizabeth Moses to be the curator of the arts and crafts at the de Young.

Art historian, art collector, expert and connoisseur; specialized in Dutch seventeenth-century painting. After finishing his Gymnasium education in Coburg, Germany, Hofstede de Groot briefly studied Art History in Leipzig. The death his father, a professor in Groningen, forced Hofstede de Groot to return to Groningen, where he altered his studies to Classics. Later he transferred to Leiden, where he obtained his bachelor's degree.

16th and 17th century painting

Art historian of the 17th-century, specialist in Claude and Turner. Kitson was the son of clergy, Bernard Meredith Kitson, and Helen May Lely, a descendant from the court portrait painter to King Charles II, Peter Lely. He studied at English literature at Kings College, which was interrupted 1945-8 for military service with the Royal Engineers and Security Intelligence in Egypt. In 1950 he married Annabella Leslie Cloudsley.

Dutch seventeenth-century painting specialist; first extraordinarius professor of Art History at Leiden University; Museum Director. Martin grew up in Leiden where his father was professor at the city's university. Attending the University himself, Martin studied Dutch language and literature between 1894 and 1899. He had a special interest in Dutch seventeenth- century painting. He obtained a doctorate in 1901, writing on on the painter Gerard Dou, the Baroque Leiden artist: Het leven en de werken van Gerrit Dou beschouwd in verband met het schildersleven van zijn tijd.

Museum curator and historian of 17^th century Flemish painting. Oldenbourg was the son of the eminent Munich book publisher Rudolf, Ritter von Oldenbourg (1845-1913). The younger Oldenbourg studied in Vienna and Halle, and wrote a dissertation on painter Thomas de Keyser under the direction of Adolph Goldschmidt in 1911. After receiving his degree, he became an assistant at the Alte Pinakothek in Munich, which led to a position as a curator of paintings in the Kaiser-Friedrich Museum in Berlin.

Historian of Spanish painting from the 17th-19th centuries and museum director. Salas began studying art history at the Universidad de Barcelona, and later studied in Vienna and Berlin. He was appointed Professor of Art History at the Universidad Compultense de Madrid, and attended the salons of the Academia Breve de Critica de Arte in 1946-7, organized by Eugene d'Ors. In 1947, Salas moved to London, and wrote for the magazine Goya about museum collections. He completed monographs on Vel'squez and Goya, and published articles in several Spanish journals.

Scholar of Poussin and 17th-century French art; professor and art collector. Thuillier's parents were André Thuillier, professor at the Lycée technique de Nevers, and Berthe Caritey (Thuillier). After having attended the Lycée de Nevers Thuillier studied from 1951 to 1955 at the École Normale Supérieure, in Paris. He obtained his degree of Agrégé des Lettres classiques in 1954, receiving fellowships at the Fondation Primoli, Rome, (1955-1956) and at the Fondation Thiers, Paris (1956-1959).

Studied the origins of the Baroque as an expression of absolutism.