Photo-documentarian, early participant of the Fratelli Alinari photoarchive together with his brothers. The son of an engraver, Alinari grew up in a Florentine art family. His older brother, Leopoldo Alinari studied with engraver Luigi Bardi and learned the emerging art of photography.

Photo-documentarian, founder of the Fratelli Alinari together with his brothers. The son of an engraver, Alinari grew up in a Florentine art family. Leopoldo studied with engraver Luigi Bardi and learned the emerging art of photography while training in the 1840s. In 1852 he established a studio in the Via Nazionale in Florence.

Photo-documentarian, founder of the Anderson photoarchive. Born Isaac Atkinson, Anderson was raised in Cumberland, England and settled in Rome in 1838. His intention was to be a painter and, under the signature Nugent Dunbar, submitted several works to the exhibition of the Select Society, London, in 1839. In addition to his paintings and watercolors, he periodically sent back drawings for British newspapers. He switched to photography in 1853 after experimenting with the medium for a number of years.

Early French photographer of art history images. He was born in Alsace, Germany, presently known as Dornach, Germany. Braun was the son of Samuel Braus, a police officer stationed in Bresançon. The family moved to Mulhouse (Alsace) in 1822 where Braun grew up. He attended the local école industrielle (he missed attending the Mulhouse design school), completing his trade schooling in Paris, settling there. Initially worked as a fabric designer, setting up his own business in 1834 with his brother.

First curator of the photography collection at the Brooklyn Museum, 1934 to 1948. He became curator when the collection was divided from the Department of Prints and Drawings at the retirement of Susan A. Hutchinson. Carl O. Schniewind became his colleague in the new Prints and Drawings Department.

Film and painting historian of German Expressionism. Eisner's father was Hugo Eisner (1856-1924), a textile exporter and magistrate, and her mother Margarethe Feodora Aron (1866-1942). She was raised in a prosperous middle-class Jewish family living in near the Zoo quarter of Berlin.

Curator, art critic, art historian, and educator. Enwezor was born as the youngest son of an Igbo family in Calabar, Nigeria. During the Biafran war of 1967-1970, he and his family were forced to move to the city of Enugu, Nigeria. In 1982, after finishing a semester at the University of Nigeria, Enwezor moved to the Bronx, in New York. In 1987 he earned a B.A. in political sciences at Jersey City State College, now New Jersey City University.

Photography historian and photographer.  Gernsheim was born to Karl Gernsheim a literary historian at the University of Munich and Hermina Scholz (Gernsheim).  He completed his Abitur in 1933 and studied art history in Munich from 1933-1934. Despite his father’s conversion to Christianity, the younger Gersheim was forced to abandon his schooling when the Nazi government forbade those “non-Aryan descent” in universities.  Between 1934-1936 Gernsheim retrained to a more practical occupation, photography, at the State Institute for Photography in Munich, graduating with a journeyman's level.

Curator of the Photographic Collection at the Warburg, 1947-1970; Spanish painting scholar. Harris' father was Lionel Harris, a British subject and Spanish art dealer and her mother, Enriqueta Rodriguez, a Spaniard who converted to Judaism to marry. Harris was raised in a Jewish home in Hampstead, England. She attended University College London, beginning in 1928 where she read (majored in) modern French and Italian. She was one of the first students to enroll in art history courses which had been introduced into the curriculum in her second year.

Photography and art critic, author of a book on American art. Hartmann was the son a German father, Carl Herman Oscar Hartmann and a Japanese mother, Osada Hartmann. He was baptized a Christian in 1871. He and his older brother, Taru, were sent to live with an uncle, Ernst Hartmann, in Hamburg, Germany after the death of his mother. There Hartmann came into contact with the visual arts. He was educated privately before attending boarding school in Steinwaerden, Germany. Hartmann's father remarried and, returning to Germany.

Historian of quattrocento sculpture at Smith College, 1916-1960, and art photographer. Kennedy was the son of Clarence Kennedy (1854-1908), a Philadelphia lawyer, and Jennie May McClintock (Kennedy) (1867-1943). He received his B.S. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1914 in architecture and his M.A in architecture the following year. He entered Harvard University for graduate work in 1916, joining Smith College, Northampton, MA, as a lecturer in architecture and art history in 1917.

Historian and critic of modern art; photographer. Kozloff graduated from the University of Chicago in 1953. Between 1954-1956 he served in the U.S. Army and then returning to the University of Chicago for his A. M. in 1958. He entered New York University's Institute of Fine Arts in 1959 for his Ph.D. He taught at NYU, joining the Nation as art critic in 1961 (remaining until 1968) and Art International. Kozloff was awarded a Fulbright fellowship for the, 1962-1963 year winning a Pulitzer Prize for critical writing for the same time period.

Historian of Spanish art and embelmata book collector; first art historian to use photo-reproduction in an art history book. Stirling was the son of Archibald Stirling of Keir and Cawder (1769-1847) and Elizabeth Maxwell (Stirling) (1793-1822), both among Scotland's oldest families. He was educated privately at Pilton Rectory, Northamptonshire, and Cossington Rectory, Leicestershire, before attending Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1839, the same year making a grand tour with George Holland of Germany, Switzerland, France, and Italy.

First curator of photography, Museum of Modern Art, New York. Newhall's father was Herbert William Newhall (1858-1933), a medical doctor, and his mother was Alice Lilia Davis (Newhall) (1865-1940). He graduated cum laude in art history from Harvard University in 1930, proceeding directly for his master's degree in 1931. In graduate school, he attended the famous museum course by Paul J. Sachs and came into contact with Alfred H. Barr, Jr., then teaching classes at Wellesley.

Art Museum director and Chief of Prints and Photography, Library of Congress, 1984-1996. Ostrow's parents were Herman Ostrow, M.D. (1896-1954), a New York eye surgeon and Anne Ostrow, an attorney. He graduated from Oberlin College, continuing at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University where he received his Ph.D. in 1966 with a dissertation topic of Agostino Carracci. Ostrow was appointed professor at Rutgers University (where he advised James H. Stubblebine on his 1964 book on Guido da Siena) and then at Brown University.

Art and architectural historian and critic, pioneer in the use of film as a tool of art history. Ragghianti's parents were Francesco Ragghianti Francesco, a surveyor, eventually (and automatically under fascist law) promoted to architect, and and Maria Cesari Ragghianti. Carlo Ragghianti attended the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa between 1928 and 1931, recently taken over by the fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile (1875-1944) who had been appointed to transform secondary school education.

Rodin and photo historian; medievalist; Professor (Ordinarius) of art history at Munich. Schmoll's father, also named Joseph Adolf Schmoll Eisenwerth (d. 1914), was a Mannheim-based mechanical engineer and his grandfather the renowned hydraulic engineer and bridge designer, Anton Adolph Schmoll genannt Eisenwerth (1834-1918). His father was killed in action in 1914 in the département Vosges. Schmoll received his Abitur in 1934 at the Berlin Schulfarm Insel Scharfenberg, an experimental progressive school.

Early historian of photography; scholar of graphics in general. Schwarz graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium in Vienna with an Abitur in 1913. He entered the university in Vienna studying art history, archaeology and philosophy. At the outbreak of World War I, Schwarz served in the Austrian miliary, 1914, assigned to the field artillery. He resumed his studies in 1919, writing a disseration on the beginning of lithography in Vienna, under the "Vienna School" scholar Max Dvořák, though his degree came after Dvořák's death in 1921.

First director of the photographic archives of the Deutsches Archäogisches Institut (DAI) in Rome in 1929. Speier was appointed by Ludwig Curtius to develop a separate photographic archive. Under Speier, it expanded to cover entire collections and classes of monuments, such as sarcophagi and portraits. She also edited and republished Helbig's Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertumer in Rom (1963-72).

Photographer and second director of the Photography Department, Museum of Modern Art, New York. Steichen emigrated with his family, Jean Pierre and Marie Steichen, to the United States from Luxembourg in 1881. He grew up in Hancock, MI, where his father was a copper miner and then in Milwaukee, WI when the family moved again. Steichen attended public schools only until age 15 developing a interest in both art and photography. As an apprentice at a Milwaukee lithography company, he honed his skills. The photographer Clarence H.

Historian of Photography and photographer. Szarkowski's father Julius, was an assistant postmaster in Ashland, WI; his mother was Rose Woychik (Szarkowski). The young Szarkowski began working with a camera at age eleven and by high school was an skilled photographer. He entered the University of Wisconsin, Madison, but when World War II was declared, was drafted into the military. He graduated in 1948 [New York Times says 1947] with a degree in art history where he secured a job as photographer for the Walker Art Center, in Minneapolis, MN.

Creator of the research photographs collection of the University of London ("Witt Library"); art collector. Witt was the eldest son of Gustavus Andreas Witt (b. 1840) a wool dealer, and Johanna Frederiko Helene de Clermont (Witt). He attended Clifton College, Bristol, and New College, Oxford, graduating with a degree in history in 1894. He served in the British army and as a war correspondent (with Cecil Rhodes) seeing action during the Matabele (Ndebele) uprising of 1896.