Bruegel specialist; Curator Cabinet des Estampes, Bibliothèque royale de Belgique. René van Bastelaer was the son of Désiré Alexandre Henri van Bastelaer (1823-1907), a distinguished pharmacist, chemist, and archaeologist. His mother was Elisa van der Spiecke. Van Bastelaer obtained his BA degree from the Faculty of Arts of the Catholic University of Louvain. Rather than continuing his studies he trained in the studio of the history painter Antoine Van Hammée (1836-1903). Van Bastelaer was particularly attracted to engraving.

Collector and collaborator on catalogs of German and Netherlandish paintings with his brother Sulpiz. Melchior came from an old wealthy family who hoped he would become a scientist and his older brother, Sulpiz Boisserée, run the family business. The two were raised during the Napoleonic occupation of Cologne. Through his friend Johann B. Bertram he and Sulpiz became interested in art and especially that of the medieval era, a period well represented by the so-called Cologne school of painting, though much under appreciated.

Curator of the Cook Collection, Doughty House and Flemish art scholar. Brockwell was the son of the Reverend Cannon J. C. Brockwell of Sheffield Cathedral. He was educated at St. Paul's Cathedral Choir School and Hurstpierpoint (preparatory school). He traveled widely in Europe, after which he secured a position with Charles Holroyd, Director of the National Gallery, rewriting official catalog entries. He also wrote a book for the Board of Trustees on the NGA's Lewis bequest.

Peter Paul Rubens scholar. Burchard's father was an apothecary in Mainz, Georg Burchard. Burchard himself attended the Grossherzogliches Gymnasium in Karlsruhe, graduating in 1904. He studied at the universities of Munich, Heidelberg and Halle-Wittenberg. During this time he volunteered at the print room in Dresden and Berlin where he earned the praise of director Wilhelm Bode. Burchard served in the German army in World War I in field artillery. His 1917 dissertation was written at Halle under Adolph Goldschmidt on Rembrandt etchings.

Early art historian and classicist; Cranach scholar; immediate precursor to Winckelmann. Christ's family comprised a long line of civil servants. He was diversely educated including painting, etching and sculpting. By 1720 he was studying for state service himself in Jena, taking courses in philosophy, history and the law. After securing a position as a privy secretary in Saxe-Meiningen he began study in Halle in 1726.

Historian of Netherlandish art, art collector; mountaineer and adventurer; first chair of art history in Britain. Conway's father was William Conway, a vicar in Rochester, Kent, and later rector of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, and his mother Elizabeth Martin (Conway). After attending Repton School he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1875 studying history. He was already an avid mountaineer, climbing the Alps during college recesses; he was elected to the Alpine Club in 1877.

Scholar of the norther Renaissance in art. Professor of Art History, University of Iowa. Cuttler was born to Morris Joseph Cuttler and Nettie Wolff (Cuttler). After attending Ohio State University where he received a B.F.A. in 1935 and M.A., 1937. He was awarded a Carnegie fellowship to study at the University of Paris, 1937. He initially joined the University of Colorado, Boulder, as an instructor in art history in 1938, and a fellow at University of Brussels under the Belgian American Educational Foundation in 1939.

Netherlandish scholar, National Gallery, London, Director 1968-1973. Davies was the son of Ernest Davies (1873-1946), a sometime novelist. He received no specialized training in art, other than extended family trips to the continent, especially France, where he developed a love for French Gothic architecture. Davies attended Rugby and King's College, Cambridge where he concentrated in Modern Languages. He joined the National Gallery as an attaché in 1932, rising to assistant Keeper in charge of Netherlandish and German paintings.

Historian of German and Flemish drawings, Keeper of the Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum. Dodgson came from a middle-class investment family, distantly related to Lewis Carroll (née Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). He attended Winchester and then New College, Oxford, where he read in Classics and Theology. His intention to be ordained changed after college (perhaps because of his realization of latent homosexuality). Dodgson assisted Oscar Wilde's friend Lord Alfred Douglas at Oxford, spending a well-documented weekend with Wild and Douglas at Babbacombe near Torquay.

Art historian of Netherlandish painting and graphic works of art; Robert Lehman Professor of Fine Arts, New York University. Eisler was born to George B. Eisler, a Hamburg publisher, and Kate Basseches (Eisler). The family emigrated to the United States where the younger Eisler graduated from Yale University in 1952. He continued graduate study at Oxford University, 1952-53, before entering Harvard University. At Harvard he received his A.M. in 1954.

historian of Netherlandish art

Scholar of Northern Renaissance art, professor and early exponent of reflectography for the study of art. Faries graduated from Wooster College, Wooster, OH, in 1962 with a A. B. and an A. M. from the University of Michigan the following year. She entered Bryn Mawr for graduate work, spending the years 1966-1968 doing field reseach at the Rijksmuseum. Faries worked as an instructor at Swarthmore College between 1969-1971. She studied infrared imaging under J. R. J. van Asperen de Boer. Faries received her Ph.D.

Cranach and northern Renaissance scholar. He published the facsimile book of the fifteenth-century engraver Adam von Fulda, Ein ser andechtig cristenlich buchlein, in 1914.

historian of Dutch art

Netherlandish art scholar. Brand was born in Altona, Germany, which is present-day greater Hamburg, Germany. Brand was the daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm Brand (1875-1913), a ship owner, and Anna Majud (Brand) (1876-1943). She studied art history, archaeology and history between 1930-34 at the Technische Hochschule in Munich, at Heidelberg (where she attended the lectures of Martin Heidegger) and finally Hamburg. Brand one of a group of a Ph. D.

Netherlandish art scholar and director Kaiser Friedrich Museum. Friedländer was the son of Leopold Friedländer (1832-ca.1880), a Berlin banker, and Helene Noether (Friedländer) (1843-after 1901). He began studying art history in 1891 in Munich, continuing in Florence (under August Schmarsow, and ultimately Leipzig, writing a dissertation on Albrecht Altdorfer under Anton Springer.

Norther Renaissance, particularly Bosch scholar, professor, Case Western Reserve University. Gibson's father was Walter Samuel Gibson, an engineer and his mother, Grace B. Wheeler (Gibson), worked as a secretary. After high school, Gibson was drafted by U.S. Army during the Korean Conflict, working in the Finance Corps between 1952 and 1954. He entered Ohio State University after discharge, graduating cum laude with a B.F.A. in 1957. He matriculated at Harvard University, receiveing his M.A., in 1960.

Dürer scholar. Giehlow was born to Theodor Giehlow (d. before 1899), a senior civil servant, and Ludovica Saltzmann (Giehlow) (d. after 1897). Giehlow attended a gymnasium in Kiel, receiving an abitur in 1892. He studied law in Munich and Berlin from 1893 working in the civil service in the latter city. In 1895 he left his position as a government assessor.

Art museum and library director; Germanist art historian specializing in northern renaissance; patron of Expressionist artist and Asian art authority. Glaser was born of cultured Jewish parentage, S. Glaser and Emma Hase (Glaser). He attended the Wilhelms gymnasium in Berlin, graduating in 1897. Glaser studied medicine at the University of Freiburg and Munich, receiving his M.D. in 1902. However, art had always interested him and he immediately began a second degree in art history during the years Heinrich Wölfflin was in Berlin. He was granted a Ph.D.

Frans Hals authority and historian of picture frames. Grimm wrote much of his book in the Ashmolean museum, Oxford, having studied the frames collection of Karl Theodore Parker.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder authority; Deputy Director, Manchester City Art Gallery, 1961-1966; Professor of Art History, Washington University, Seattle, 1966-1972. Grossmann was the son of Maximilian Grossmann, a Surgeon-General in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was born in Stanislaus, Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, which is present-day Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. He attended the Staatsgymnasium of the third district (III Bezirk) in Vienna. As a student at the Wiener Handelsakademie he met Antoine Seilern who would prove instrumental in his later career.

Connoisseur; specialist in Dutch seventeenth-century painting and iconography; Director of the Netherlands Institute for Art History and the Mauritshuis in The Hague. Gudlaugsson was born in Skagen as the son of the Icelandic poet Jonas Gudlaugsson (1887-1916). His mother, Maria Ingenohl, was a Dutch woman raised in Germany. After the death of her husband, she moved with Gudlaugsson, her only child, to Berlin. Gudlaugsson studied art history in Berlin and in Munich. His teachers in Berlin included Oskar Fischel and Wilhelm Pinder.

Scholar of Northern Renaissance painting. Hasse was part of the debate in the nineteenth and the earlytwentieth centuries on the identity of Rogier van der Weyden. Since 1568 Giorgio Vasari claimed "Rogier of Bruges" was a student of Jan van Eyck and a separate "Rogier van der Weyden of Brussels" was the painter of the justice panels in the town hall in Brussels, the identity and separation of these two painters existed. Karel Van Mander continued this distinction of the two Rogiers in his 1604 Schilderboek.

Author of the first biography of Albrecht Dürer in English (1870). Keymer's father was James Keymer, a silk printer. Her maternal uncle was the writer [Samuel] Laman Blanchard (1803-1845). She was raised among the writers of the 19th-century associated with Blanchard, including the playwright Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857) and Charles Dickens (1812-1870). She married an academic chemist, Charles William Heaton (1835-1893) in 1862. The photographer and publisher Joseph Cundall (1818-1895) encouraged her to write professionally.