Director of the Koninklijk Museum (later Rijksmuseum), Amsterdam. He advised the Baltimore collector Robert Gilmor, Jr. on purchases.

Vienna-School art historian, Netherlandish specialist and Director of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Baldass studied in Graz, Halle (under Adolph Goldschmidt) and Munich before gaining his degree at the University in Vienna. His thesis, written under Max Dvořák and accepted in 1911, was on portraiture of the Emperor Maximilian. Baldass joined the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna the same year, eventually being appointed curator in 1918. He married Paula Wagner, granddaughter of the architect Otto Wagner (1841-1918).

Rubens scholar and director of the Rubenshuis. Baudouin studied during World War II. After the liberation of Belgium he assisted between 1946 and 1948 in the repatriation of artworks stolen by the Nazis. He worked as a research assistant at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam where he met the scholars Ludwig Burchard and Roger-Adolf d'Hulst. A delegation of Antwerp city officials visiting the museum in 1949, including the Burgomeister Lode Craeybeckx (1897-1976), noticed his activities and invited him back to his native Belgium.

Author of a Dürer monograph; art critic; chief editor of Gazette des Beaux-Arts. Ephrussi was born to a Jewish family of grain exporters, as the youngest son of Léon Ephrussi (1826-1871) and Mina Lindau (1824-1888). The business based in Odessa (then part of the Russian Empire) later developed into a successful banking enterprise under the direction of Ephrussi's grandfather. The young Ephrussi grew up in Odessa until age 10. He then moved to Vienna, where his father and his uncle Ignace further expanded the family business.

Rubens and Rembrandt scholar; professor, Barnard College. Held's father was Adolf Held (1873-1919), employed as a merchant; his mother was Nannette Seligmann (1872-1926). He attended realprogymnasium in Mosbach and Gymnasium Heidelberg in that city, receiving his abitur in 1923. He entered the University of Heidelberg in 1923, studying also at Wilhelm Humbolt University, Berlin, 1923-24, 1927-28 and Vienna, 1925-26, 1929.

Rubens scholar and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill professor, 1959-77. Huemer graduated from the Woman's College of Duke University in 1944. She moved to New York where she wrote her Master's thesis (1952) at New York University. She taught art history at Smith College while pursuing her dissertation, co-supervised under Richard Krautheimer and Walter F. Friedländer. It was granted in 1959 on baroque architectural decoration in Rome. That year she joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Rubens scholar and director, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge University 1973-1990. Jaffé (who despite his English heritage, retained the accent ague on his name) was born to a wealthy Jewish banker. He was schooled at Eton, and won a scholarship to King's College, Cambridge. He instead served in the Royal Navy (1942-45). He entered King's College in 1945, reading in History and English and obtaining a First. In 1949 he was admitted to the Courtauld Institute, attending lectures by Johannes Wilde and procuring student access to the Seilern Collection.

Nineteenth-century Rembrandt "rediscoverer;" curator of the print room, Bibliothèque Nationale (1853-77). The early events of Kolloff's life are unknown. He left Germany in 1834 to live in Paris among the Jungen Deutschland expatriate community of the 1830 German Revolution, led by Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) and Ludwig Börne (1786-1837). Beginning in 1834, he wrote architectural and art criticism based on Parisian exhibitions, for the magazine Die Kunstblatt, signing his pieces "Ed.

Rubens and Flemish painting scholar; National Gallery (London) assistant keeper at the National Gallery and Director Christie. Martin worked as an assistant keeper at the National Gallery in the 1960s. He joined Christie's auction house as a director specializing in Old Master paintings. In 2005 Martin published the volume in the Corpus Rubenianum catalogue raisonné, begun by Ludwig Burchard, on the ceiling decoration of the Banqueting Hall.

Berlin art historian of Dutch Baroque painting. Plietzsch was trained by Wilhelm Bode, director general for all Prussian museums. During the Second World War, Plietzsch assisted the art history-turned-Nazi-art-dealer Kajetan Mühlmann in expertising works of looted art to be sent to the Fuhrermuseum and the art collection of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring (1893-1946). Plietzsch's chronology of the works of Gerard ter Borsch were superseded by the work of Sturla Gudlaugsson.

Claude Lorrain, Jean Etienne Liotard and northern baroque scholar; professor of art history in the United States and the University of Geneva. Roethlisberger followed the model of many European students, attending lectures throughout Europe in order to shape an intellectual experience.

Scholar of Renaissance- and northern-European architecture and art; art historical theorist; chair of the art history department at Leipzig University (1893-1919). Schmarsow studied under Carl Nicolaus Heinrich Justi, who profoundly influenced him. In 1893 he succeed Anton Springer as chair of art history at the University in Leipzig, beating out Heinrich Wölfflin.

Novelist; first biographer of an art historian and one of the first art historians to write a monograph on Jan van Eyck. She was born in Danzig, Prussia which is present-day Gdańsk, Poland. Schopenhauer was born Johanna Henrietta Trosiener into a wealthy Danzig merchant family. Her father was Christian Heinrich Trosiener (b. 1730), a Danzig city councilor (senator) and her mother Elizabeth Lehmann (Trosiener). In an arranged marriage of 1785 Trosiener was married to a wealthy merchant friend of her father, Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, she 18 and he 37.