Gérôme and 19th-century French art scholar. Ackerman graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1952 with a B.A. He moved to Munich where he studied at the Maximillien University under Hans Sedlmayr between 1956-1958 before returning to the United States where he began teaching as an art history lecturer at Bryn Mawr. He received his MFA at Princeton University in 1960, continuing for his Ph.D. in 1964 with a thesis, written under Erwin Panofsky and Rensselaer W.

Historian of Russian art, particularly the traditional Russian art forms of medieval, renaissance and 18th and 19th centuries. Responsible for general histories of art reflecting the ideals of the Soviet period and several histories of Russian art. Professor at the Theatre and Architecture institutes (Moscow University) and the Academy of Art. Associated with Oskar Wulff, Viktor Mikitich Lazarev and N. I Brunov.

First female professor at La Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; known for publishing an authoritative monograph on Giorgio Vasari’s Lives. Barocchi grew up spending time in her family's goldsmith shop in Florence, Italy, near the Ponte Vecchio, which she admitted helped refine her aesthetic sense of experiencing the world as a visual field (Passerini).

Curator of paintings at the Louvre Museum, 1951-1965; historian of 19^th century French art. Bazin was the son of Charles Bazin and Jeanne Laurence Mounier-Pouthot (Bazin). He studied art history at the Sorbonne with both Henri Focillon and Émile Mâle, where he reached the baccalaureate and licentiate levels. After completing his studies at the Sorbonne, Bazin received a diploma in museology from the école du Louvre. In 1928, he joined the department of drawings at the école des Beaux Arts in Paris.

Museum director and scholar of Romanesque and 19^th-century German sculpture. Bloch was the son of a Berlin book publisher, Peter Bloch and mother Charlotte Streckenbach (Bloch). He attended the Gymnasium in Steglitz, graduating in 1943. Despite having a Jewish background, Bloch joined the German army. He was wounded in battle and taken as a prisoner of war, remaining in a Belgian POW camp (working in the mines) until 1948.

Byzantine and Russian art specialist, later historian of 19th- and 20th-century painting (U.S. career). Born was born in Breslau, Silesia, Prussia, which is present-day Wroclaw, Poland. Born's parents were Gustav Born (1850-1900), a professor of anatomy and embryology at the University in Breslau, and Berthe Lipstein (Born). Born served in World War I in the sanitary corps. After the war he married Susi Bial in 1918 studying studio art at schools between 1919-1923 in Munich and under Édouard Vuillard in Paris.

Historian of 18th and 19th century French painting. Brookner was born to Newson Bruckner, a Polish immigrant, and Maude Schiska (Bruckner), a British singer whose grandfather was originally from Warsaw, Poland.  Fearful of the German-sounding last name, her mother changed their family name to Brookner as World War II began. Although secular Jews, the Brookners took in Jewish refugees fleeing the Germans during the 1930s and World War II.  Brookner attended a private school, the James Allen's Girls' School.

Feminist art historian of nineteenth-century art. Broude's parents were Jack Freedman and Cecile Goldman (Freedman). Freedman graduated from Hunter College, City University of New York in 1962 with an A. B. The same year she married Ronald Broude. Freedman, now Broude, continued on to Columbia University, using a Woodrow Wilson fellowship for the 1962-1963 year to write her M.A. in 1964. She wrote her dissertation under Theodore Reff on the proto-impressionist painters of Italy, the Macchiailoli, in 1967.

Medievalist, wrote the important scholarship in the nineteenth century on Mont-Saint Michel. Henry Adams, in his Mont-Saint Michel and Chartres, mentions Corroyer in the opening pages of the book.

Iconographer,The Abbé Crosnier formed part of the serious interest in medieval iconography of the 19th-century together with Adolphe Napoléon Didron and father Charles Cahier.

Leading archaeologist of ancient Greece in Germany in the late 19th century; his writings were highly art-historical. Curtius was the son of the mayor of Lübeck, Germany. He studied under Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker in Bonn, Otfried Müller in Göttingen, and August Böckh (1785-1867) in Berlin. Between 1837-40 he lived in Greece as the tutor to the children of the classicist Christian August Brandis (1790-1867), where he became familiar with the monuments.

Historian of German 18th/19th-century art; methodological theorist. The son of a military officer, von Einem demonstrated an interest in art from high school. After studying law, he turned to art history in 1923, studying at Göttingen, Berlin and Munich. In 1928, he completed his dissertation under Georg Vitzthum von Eckstädt. Einem worked in the Field Museum in Hannover until 1936. His 1935 habilitationschrift was written under the classicist Carl Fernow and Wilhelm Waetzoldt in Halle and Göttingen.

Writer, art historian of the eighteenth-century art and art critic of contemporary nineteenth-century Paris together with his brother, Jules. Edmond de Goncourt and his brother, Jules, were born into minor aristocracy. Their father, Marc-Pierre Huot de Goncourt, (d. 1834) and their mother Annette-Cécile Guérin (de Goncourt) (d.1848) both died when the men were young. Their inherited wealth enabled the brothers to become artists without concern for their livelihood, relieving Edmond from a treasury clerk position so dismal that he entertained thoughts of suicide.

Historian of the eighteenth-century French art world and early champion of modern trends for art; art critic of nineteenth-century Paris and part of a famous art-criticism team with his brother, Edmond. Jules de Goncourt and his older brother, Edmond de Goncourt, were born into minor aristocracy. Their father, Marc-Pierre Huot de Goncourt, (1787-1834) and their mother Annette-Cécile Guérin (de Goncourt) (d.1848) both died when the men were young.

Smithsonian curator of 19th & 20th century African American Art; Romare Bearden scholar. Carroll Greene was born in 1931 in Washington D.C., and studied at Columbia University and New York University, earning degrees in History and English. Greene’s combining of his passions for African American history and art began in the 1960s while teaching English at NYU and co-curating collections on campus as a hobby.

Museum Curator, architectural historian and theorist of the 19th and 20th centuries. Hermann first studied engineering at the Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule in Zürich before switching to art history and philosophy at the University of Freiburg. After sojourns at Wilhelm Humboldt University in Berlin and the University of Munich, he was granted a doctorate from Leipzig in 1923/4 under Wilhelm Pinder.

Interdisciplinary historian of 19th- and 20th-century art, museum director. Hofmann was the son of Leopold Hofmann and Anna Visvader (Hofmann). He studied art history in Paris and Vienna, graduating from the University of Vienna. Between 1950-55, he worked as an assistant curator of the Albertina Museum in Vienna. In 1957 Hofmann took on fellow Vienna-school art historian Hans Sedlmayr in his review of Sedlmayr's book Verlust der Mitte.

Courtauld Institute 19th-century French art scholar. House was born to [Arthur] Humphry House (1908-1955), an Oxford scholar of Dickens and Gerard Manley Hopkins, and Madeline Church (House). House was raised under the stern influence of his Oxford don father until his father died when House was 10. The younger House graduated from Westminster School and entered New College, Oxford, majoring in Classics and achieving a First in the exams there. House married Jill Turner in 1968.

German aristocrat and cultural advisor and scholar of French 19th-century art, author of several art books. Kessler's father was a wealthy international businessman and Hamburg banker, Adolf Wilhelm Kessler, and his mother, the Anglo-Irish Alice Baroness (Gräfin ) Blosse-Lynch (1844-1919). He was educated in Paris and England until he was fourteen. His family traveled in the highest of circles to which the young Kessler was exposed. Kaiser Wilhelm I (1797-1888) was attracted to his mother and speculation persisted that the Kaiser was Kessler's true father.

Nineteenth-century Rembrandt "rediscoverer;" curator of the print room, Bibliothèque Nationale (1853-77). The early events of Kolloff's life are unknown. He left Germany in 1834 to live in Paris among the Jungen Deutschland expatriate community of the 1830 German Revolution, led by Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) and Ludwig Börne (1786-1837). Beginning in 1834, he wrote architectural and art criticism based on Parisian exhibitions, for the magazine Die Kunstblatt, signing his pieces "Ed.

Degas scholar, wrote catalogue raisonné shortly after World War II. He contributed the essay "Le portrait-miniature en France, de la régence au règne de Louis-Philippe," in the 1912 L' Exposition de la miniature à Bruxelles.

Founder of the popular German art history survey of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Grundriss der Kunstgeschichte. Lübke's father and grandfather were hosiery merchants. Denied art training by his father, Lübke entered a Catholic school at 21.  The cruelty of the school caused him unhappiness.  Lübke next studied philology at Bonn in 1845.  The teaching of Gottfried Kinkel there inspired him in art history.

Writer on nineteenth-century Dutch painting; painter and art critic. As a young girl, Marius learned painting and drawing with Jan Striening (1827-1903) in Deventer. Around 1880, she became a pupil of August Allebé (1838-1927) at the Amsterdam Academy of Fine Arts. In 1883, she settled in The Hague as a painter. Her works, drawings, watercolors, and paintings, mostly kept in private collections, are not widely known. Letters written by the painter Jan Toorop (1858-1928) to Marius reveal some information on her work.

Historian who wrote two popular works on artists in the 19th century. Merezhkovsky made special use of the translations of the notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci by Jean Paul Richter. Richter had been the first to translate and publicize Leonardo's writings. Merezhkovsky published his Romance of Leonardo da Vinci in 1902 and it soon appeared in many languages. It was the source for Sigmund Freud's study of Leonardo.