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Zimmern, Helen

Full Name: Zimmern, Helen

Gender: female

Date Born: 25 March 1846

Date Died: 11 January 1934

Place Born: Hamburg, Germany

Place Died: Florence, Tuscany, Italy

Home Country/ies: Germany and United Kingdom

Subject Area(s): Jewish (culture or style) and women (female humans)

Career(s): art historians

Institution(s): Bayswater, Finishing school, and London


Overview

Victorian art historian, writer, biographer, translator. Zimmern was born into a Jewish family in Hamburg, her father was Hermann Theodor Zimmern, a lace merchant, and her mother Antonia Marie Therese Regina (Zimmern). After the political unrest in Germany in 1848, the family emigrated to Britain in 1850, where she spent the rest of her childhood. She received sporadic and somewhat disjointed education until 1860, completing a finishing school certificate in Bayswater, London, in 1864. She thereupon decided to begin her career as an author and translator, writing biographies, novels, and reviews covering a broad range of topics. Her first literary appearance was “An Account of Goslar in the Hartz” in Once a Week in 1868. As an art historian, she contributed frequently to The Magazine of Art and the journal Modern Art, writing biographies and for periodicals for English, American, German, and Italian newspapers. She lectured on Italian art in Germany and Britain, and then moved to Florence in 1887. This same year she edited and wrote the introduction for English painter Sir Joshua Reynolds’ The Discourses, and published the book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: His Life and His Works on Lessing’s contributions to art and aesthetics. The following year, she wrote a thirty-two page essay in The Art Annual, “The Life and Work of L. Alma-Tadema,” which was expanded into Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema, R.A., published by George Bell in 1902. In 1906, she wrote the book Italy of the Italians, including a section on plastic art, architecture, and sculpture. During her time in Italy, Zimmern began to write on political relations between Italy, Britain, and Germany; she expressed strong anti-German sentiments in Jewish Home Life by criticizing the German persecution of Jews. Zimmern grew sick in 1933 and died in Florence in 1934, having remained single.

Much of Zimmern’s work points to her role as an advocate for European art and writer on topics that many believed to be exclusively for male voices (“Helen Zimmern Corriere”). By writing about sculpture, like that of Leonardo Bistolfi in “A Modern Italian Sculptor,” 1896, she aimed to help women understand how to appreciate and evaluate a sculpture when they looked at one. Zimmern’s writing encouraged women into the artistic sphere; in “The Work of Miss Bessie Potter,” 1900, Zimmern credits Miss Potter’s identity as a woman as the reason for her sculpting skills. Her art reviews are cited as being “largely adulatory” and including many references to artists she claimed she was friends with (Fraser 83). However, this practice introduced continental European artists to people in the British Commonwealth who would otherwise not have had this artistic literacy; in this way she facilitated an international conversation on sculpture and disseminated information on sculptors (Fraser 76).


Selected Bibliography


Sources


Contributors: Rachel Hendrix


Citation

Rachel Hendrix. "Zimmern, Helen." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zimmernh/.


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Zucker, Paul

Full Name: Zucker, Paul

Gender: male

Date Born: 1888

Date Died: 1971

Place Born: Berlin, Germany

Place Died: New York, NY, USA

Home Country/ies: Germany

Career(s): researchers


Overview

New School for Social Research professor. Zucker’s father, Julius Zucker, was a medical doctor who worked for the sanitation authority. His mother was Anna Samter (Zucker). The younger Zucker attended the Wilhelms-Gymnasium, a humanities high school in Berlin where he graduated in 1907. He studied architecture at the Institute of Technology (Königliche Technische Hochschule) receiving the Diplom-Ingenieur in 1911 and Doktor-Ingenieurs in 1913 in the history of architecture under Richard Borrmann. His dissertation was on the topic of pictorial space in Florentine painting. Between 1912-14 he was an assistant to Max Georg Zimmermann at the Schinkel Museum. He married the concert singer Rose Walter (1890-1962) in 1913. After a year teaching at the Reimann Schule in Berlin, 1914, Zucker joined the faculty in art history as a lecturer (Dozent) at the Lessing Hochschule, 1916-35. He practiced architecture in Berlin between 1919-35, much of it as a city planner. He lectured on architecture in radio broadcasts. His interest in stage design led to his association with avant-garde theatre groups. Among his commissions were the Prussian Bank and many country homes. Zucker was Dean of the Faculty at the Lessing Hochschule, 1930-33. In 1937 he was dismissed from his position by the Nazis because he was a Jew. His journal articles of those last years were sign with initials only to avoid recognition. Zucker emigrated to the United States the same year began teaching at the New School for Social Research in New York, then known as the “University in Exile.” He also lectured at the Fashion Institute, the Dramatic Workshop, and Pratt Institute, Brooklyn in the 1940s and 1950s. He remained at the New School until 1970. In 1938 he was appointed lecturer at the Cooper Union, then Adjunct Professor in 1948. He became an American citizen in 1944. In 1950 Zucker published his Styles in Art, a popular treatment of stylistic analysis in art. He retired in 1963 but retained Visiting Professor status 1964-1969 at the Cooper Union. Zucker was interested in architectural space as a theoretical concept. He also wrote extensively on adult education in the arts.


Selected Bibliography

[dissertation:] Raumdarstellungen und Bildarchitekturen bei den florentiner Malern der ersten Häfte des Quattrocento. Berlin, Königliche Technische Hochschule. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1913; [complete bibliography:] Markowitz, Arnold L. “Paul Zucker: Architect/Art Historian, 1888/1971.” Louis Kahn and Paul Zucker: Two Bibliographies. New York: American Association of Architectural Bibliographers, Garland Press, 1978, pp. 55-145; Entwicklung des Stadtbildes; die Stadt als Form. Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1929; Theater und Lichtspielhäuser. Berlin: E. Wasmuth, 1926; A Platonic Discourse about some Philosophical Problems of Art (X): Between a Young Man, the Student (Y) and /. New York: Cooper Union Art School, 1959; Styles in Painting: a Comparative Study. 2nd ed. New York: Dover Publications,1963; American Bridges and Dams. New York: The Greystone Press, 1941; Town and Square from the Agora to the Village Green. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959; Fascination of Decay: Ruins, Relic, Symbol, Ornament. Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press, 1968; and Willich, Hans. Die Baukunst der Renaissance in Italien bis zum Tode Michelangelos. 2 vols. Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft 16. Wildpark-Potsdam: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion, 1914-29; Die Theaterdekoration des Klassizismus: eine Kunstgeschichte des Bühnenbildes. Berlin: R. Kaemmerer, 1925.


Sources

Markowitz, Arnold L. “Paul Zucker: Architect/Art Historian, 1888/1971.” Louis Kahn and Paul Zucker: Two Bibliographies. New York: American Association of Architectural Bibliographers, Garland Press, 1978, pp. 55-60; Wendland, Ulrike. Biographisches Handbuch deutschsprachiger Kunsthistoriker im Exil: Leben und Werk der unter dem Nationalsozialismus verfolgten und vertriebenen Wissenschaftler. Munich: Saur, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 810-813; obituary: New York Times February 16, 1971, p. 36.


Archives

Contributors: Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen


Citation

Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen. "Zucker, Paul." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zuckerp/.


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Züchner, Wolfgang

Full Name: Züchner, Wolfgang

Gender: male

Date Born: 1906

Date Died: 1981

Place Born: Dresden, Saxony, Germany

Place Died: Munich, Bavaria, Germany

Home Country/ies: Germany

Subject Area(s): Ancient Greek (culture or style), ceramic ware (visual works), ceramics (object genre), Classical, pottery (visual works), preservation (function), preserving, protection (maintenance function), restoration (process), and Roman (ancient Italian culture or period)


Overview

Scholar of classical Greek and Roman art; specialist in preservation and restoration of ceramic artwork. Züchner studied archaeology beginning in 1925 at the universities in Berlin and Dresden and ultimately writing his dissertation at Christian-Albrecht-Universität, Kiel, completed in 1934. His dissertation was on Greek mirrors. That year he was hired as Scientific Assistant at the Staatlichen Museum in Berlin. There he issued a book on the Berlin Maned krater in 1938. In 1939 he moved to the Archaeological Institute in Leipzig. He issued a revised version of his doctoral thesis in 1942 as Griechische Klappspiegel. He fought in World War II and was incarcerated as POW. After the war, beginning in 1946, he was responsible for restoring the many broken objects in the Grecian vase collection of the Martin-von-Wagner Museum in Würzburg. In 1953 Züchner was appointed Ordentliche (full) professor at the University of Tübingen. At Tübingen Züchner was head of the collection of plaster and original sculpture of the archaeological institute there. He wrote a curious volume in 1959 on the usefulness and place of the illustration in visual studies. He retired in 1971. Züchner was a specialist in toreutics, or embossing or chasing metal, of the classical era.


Selected Bibliography

Der berliner Mänadenkrater. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1938; Griechische Klappspiegel. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1942; über die Abbildung. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1959.


Sources

Archäologenbildnisse: Porträts und Kurzbiographien von Klassichen Archäologen deutscher Sprache. Reinhard Lullies, ed. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1988: 297-298; Deutsche biographische Enzyklopädie 10: 696.



Citation

"Züchner, Wolfgang." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zuchnerw/.


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Zervos, Christian

Full Name: Zervos, Christian

Other Names:

  • Christian Zervos

Gender: male

Date Born: 01 January 1889

Date Died: 12 September 1970

Place Born: Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece

Place Died: Paris, Île-de-France, France

Home Country/ies: Greece

Subject Area(s): Abstract Expressionist, Cubist, Expressionist (style), and Post-Impressionist


Overview

Picasso scholar and magazine editor. Zervos was born in Greece but spent his childhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Bby age 22 had permanently settled in Paris where he received his doctorate (doctorat ès lettres) at the Sorbonne. Zervos joined the publishing firm Editions Morancé writing art articles for the magazine L’Art d’aujourd ‘hui in 1924. As an editor, he met many of the artists about whom the magazine wrote: Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, Ferdinand Léger, and Pablo Picasso, for whom the latter exerted a strong influence on Zerevos’ life. He left Morancé in 1926 to found his own journal Cahiers d’art, whose offices were located initially at the rue Bonaparte. The Cahiers featured contributions by scholars and critics alike in a wide range of fields, from prehistoric art to modern and was noted for its layout and presentation as much as its content. Zervos married Yvonne Marion (1905-1970) who ran an art gallery, Galerie du Dragon, next to the new location of her husband’s shop, the rue Dragon on the left bank of Paris. Madame Zervos became an integral part of her husband’s accomplishment and assembling their art collection. The publishing arm of the Cahiers issued monographs by important art historians, including Will Grohmann and Henry-Russell Hitchcock. Zervos himself issued an eclectic variety of monographs, including ones on Henri Rousseau, Greek art and Frank Lloyd Wright. His publishing group took over the project to document Matisse, first commissioned by Bernheims and then Guillaume, under the authorship of Matisse’s son-in-law, the art historian Georges Duthuit. Zervos settled upon his life’s work, a catalogue raisonné of Pablo Picasso in the early 1930s. Begun in 1932, the catalog was completed in 33 volumes after Zervos’ death. The first exhibition of their archeological collection was mounted in 1934. In 1936 the couple worked to save many works of art from the Spanish civil war and the following year organized a show at the Jeu de Paume of the origins and development of international art. World War II interrupted many of Zervos’ publishing projects, including the Cahiers, which suspended 1941-1943, resuming in 1944 to last until the end of his life. After the war he devoted his energies to the Picasso catalog. His wife’s shop, moved to larger premises in 1939 and renamed the May Gallery, exhibited many of the major French artists active between the wars. His wife died early in 1970 and Zeros suffered a heart attack in Paris later the same year dying at age 81. In December of the same year, an exposition of their collection was mounted at the Grand Palais in Paris. Zervos’ catalogue raisonné of Picasso was the first comprehensive one for the artist and remains an important source. He did not include, however, the works from the artist’s own colllection of his, an omission of at least several important pieces.


Selected Bibliography

edited, Cahiers d’art. Paris: Éditions Cahiers d’art, 1926-1960. 35 vols.; Matthias Grünewald: le retable d’Isenheim. Paris: Éditions Cahiers d’art, 1936. Picasso étudié par le Dr Jung.” Cahiers d’art 7 (1932): 352-54; Georges Braque. Paris: Cahiers d’art, 1933; Pablo Picasso [catalogue raisonné]. Paris: Éditions Cahiers d’art, 1932-78. Fernand Léger: œuvres de 1905 à 1952. Paris: Éditions Cahiers d’art,1952; L’art des Cyclades, du début à la fin de l’âge du bronze, 2500-1100 avant notre ère. Paris: Éditions Cahiers d’art, 1957.


Sources

[bibliography:] “Bibliiographie des Articles de Christian Zervos parus dans la Revue ‘Cahiers d’art.” Hommage à Christian et Yvonne Zervos. Paris: Centre national d’art contemporain, 1970, pp. [9-12]; Fontbrune, Marc. “Biographie.” Hommage à Christian et Yvonne Zervos. Paris: Centre national d’art contemporain, 1970, pp [5-6]; Monad-Fontaine, Isabelle. “Zervos.” The Dictionary of Art 33: 638; [obituaries] Gazette des Beaux-Arts (December 1970): 32; ARTnews 69 (October 1970): 32; “Christian Zervos, Expert on Picasso, Dies in Paris.” New York Times Sepember 14, 1970, p. 39; “M. Christian Zervos.” Times (London) September 15, 1970, p. 12; Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Research Guide to the History of Western Art. Sources of Information in the Humanities, no. 2. Chicago: American Library Association, 1982, p. 102, mentioned.


Contributors: Lee Sorensen


Citation

Lee Sorensen. "Zervos, Christian." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zervosc/.


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Zevi, Bruno

Full Name: Zevi, Bruno

Gender: male

Date Born: 1918

Home Country/ies: Italy

Subject Area(s): architecture (object genre) and sculpture (visual works)


Overview

Architectural historian and architect. Erich Mendelsohn scholar. In the early 1960s, student actions for the reform of the curriculum at the Scuola Superiore di Architettura at Rome (now within the University of Rome La Sapienza) resulted in the reformist appointments of Zevi, Luigi Piccinato (1899-1983), and Ludovico Quaroni (1911-1987) 1963 and 1964. Together with Paolo Portoghesi, he was part of an attack by another architectural historian, Manfredo Tafuri, on the repsonsibilities of architectural history in the 1960s and 1970s.


Selected Bibliography

Architecture as Space: How to Look at Architecture. New York: 1957.


Sources

KMP, 51 mentioned, 103; “Zevi’s View of History.” RIBA Journal 90 (November 1983): 31.


Archives

Contributors: Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen


Citation

Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen. "Zevi, Bruno." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zevib/.


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Zigrosser, Carl

Full Name: Zigrosser, Carl

Other Names:

  • Carl Zigrosser

Gender: male

Date Born: 1891

Date Died: 1975

Place Born: Indianapolis, Marion, IN, USA

Place Died: Montagnola, Switzerland

Home Country/ies: United States

Subject Area(s): prints (visual works)

Career(s): curators


Overview

Philadelphia Museum of Art Prints curator, 1941-1963. Zigrosser was the son of an Austrian immigrant, Hugo A. Zigrosser (1860-1935), a civil engineer, and an American, Emma Haller (Zigrosser) (b. 1870), both Roman Catholics. The younger Zigrosser was fluent in German from an early age. After graduating from the Newark (N. J.) Academy in 1908, he attended Columbia College, Columbia University, with the intent of becoming a chemist. He received his B. A. in three years (1911) and began graduate work in comparative literature, where he read the esthetics of Benedetto Croce and heard lectures by George Santayana (1863-1952). He joined Frederick Keppel & Company, a New York print dealer. There he learned the art trade and met many famous collectors, literati, artists (most notably Rockwell Kent) and curators, including William M. Ivins, Jr., founder of the Prints Department at the Metropolitan Museum Art and Juliana R. Force director of the Whitney Studio Club (later Whitney Museum of Art). During this time he contributed to and edited the Modern School Magazine. He married a Greenwich Village feminist, Florence “Kinglet” King (1867-1945), twelve years his senior, in 1915. Zigrosser was a conscientious objector to World War I and while the war still going, he left Keppels in 1918 to become a research assistant for the United Engineering Society library. In 1919 he founded and was director of the Weyhe Gallery (in conjunction with the Weyhe Bookstore), which he directed until 1940. During those years, Zigrosser helped establish many American artists, included the sculptor John Bernard Flannagan, (1895/6-1942), whom he met in 1926. Zigrosser published Six Centuries of Prints in 1937 as a primer on graphics collecting to educate novices in the field. The book was a monumental success and raised Zigrosser’s reputation as a print authority. In 1941 he was appointed curator of prints, drawings and rare books at the Philadelphia Museum of Art by its director, Fiske Kimball. Under Zigrosser’s direction, the collection grew from 15,000 items to over 100,000. Among these were the Watteau engravings from the Rosenwald collection, the Osborne collection of folk prints, the Scholz collection of 17th-century prints, and the Alfred Stieglitz’ collection of photographs. After his first wife’s death in 1945, Zigrosser married Laura Canadè, a Weyhe Gallery employee, in 1946. He was named a trustee of the Solomon Guggenheim Museum in 1952. In 1955 Zigrosser was appointed the museum’s vice-director. He retired in 1963 as a curator emeritus but remained as an adviser to the print department. Zigrosser issued the catalogue raisonné of John Marin prints, The Complete Etchings of John Marin in 1969, as the exhibition catalog for the show at the Philadelphia Museum. It is still considered the best study on Marin’s prints. He died at his home in Switzerland. Zigrosser’s was one of a number of early American curators who raised the public’s awareness for graphics as a serious art form. His introductory text, Six Centuries of Prints (1937) went through numerous editions during Zigrosser’s lifetime under a variety of titles: The Book of Fine Prints: an Anthology of Printed Pictures and Introduction to the Study of Graphic Art in the West and the East (1956) and Prints and their Creators: a World History: an Anthology of Printed Pictures [etc.] (1974).


Selected Bibliography

The Expressionists: a Survey of their Graphic Art. New York: G. Braziller, 1957; Prints: Thirteen Illustrated Essays on the Art of the Print. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston/Print Council of America, 1962; The Artist in America: Twenty-four Close-ups of Contemporary Printmakers. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1942; Rockwellkentiana: Few Words and Many Pictures by R. K. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1933; Six Centuries of Fine Prints. New York: Covici-Friede 1937; The Complete Etchings of John Marin. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1969.


Sources

My Own Shall Come to Me: A Personal Memoir and Picture Chronicle. Haarlem, Netherlands: Casa Laura, 1971; Zigrosser, Carl. A World of Art and Museums. Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press, 1975; personal correspondence, Steve Mayhew, April 2011; [obituary:] “Carl Zigrosser, Prints Curator At Philadelphia Museum, Dies.” New York Times November 27, 1975, p. 36.


Archives

Contributors: Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen


Citation

Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen. "Zigrosser, Carl." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zigrosserc/.


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Zimmer, Friedrich

Full Name: Zimmer, Friedrich

Gender: male

Date Born: 1855

Date Died: 1919

Home Country/ies: Germany

Subject Area(s): Classical


Overview

Classicist and art historian at Heidelberg. Mentioned as having taught Brendel.





Citation

"Zimmer, Friedrich." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zimmerf/.


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Zimmer, Heinrich R.

Full Name: Zimmer, Heinrich R.

Other Names:

  • Heinrich Robert Zimmer

Gender: male

Date Born: 1890

Date Died: 1943

Place Born: Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany

Place Died: New York, NY, USA

Home Country/ies: Germany


Overview

South Asian historian of art. Colleague of Joseph Campbell and Carl Jung. Zimmer began his career studying Sanskrit and linguistics at the University of Berlin where he graduated in 1913. Between 1920-24 he lectured at Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University in Griefswald, moving to Heidelberg in to fill the Chair of Indian Philology. Here, he wrote some of his most influential work, including Kunstform und Yoga im indischen Kultbild (1926). In 1938 he was dismissed by the Nazi’s, emigrating to London where, between 1939-40 he taught at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1942 he moved to New York to accept a Visiting Lecturer position in Philosphy at Columbia where he died the following year. Zimmer’s method was to examine religious images, using their sacred significance as a key to their psychic transformation. His use of (Indian) philosophy and religious history to interpret art was at odds with traditional scholarship. His vast knowledge of Hindu mythology and philosophy (particularly Puranic and Tantric works) gave him insights into the art, insights appreciated by Joseph Campbell among others. The later edited Zimmer’s writings after his death. The psychiatrist Carl Jung also developed a long-standing relationship with Zimmer. He is credited by many for the popularizing of South Asian art in the West.


Selected Bibliography

Kunstform und yoga im indischen Kultbild. Berlin: Frankfurter Verlags-Anstalt, 1926; English: Artistic Form and Yoga in the Sacred Images of India trans Gerald Chapple and James B. Lawson in collaboration with J. Michael McKnight. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984; The Art of Indian Asia, its Mythology and Transformations. Completed and edited by Joseph Campbell. New York: Pantheon,1955; Myths and symbols in Indian art and civilization. Edited by Joseph Campbell. New York: Pantheon Books,1946.


Sources

Heinrich Zimmer : Coming into His Own. Edited by Margaret H Case. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994; Linda, Mary. “Zimmer, Heinrich.” The Dictionary of Art.



Citation

"Zimmer, Heinrich R.." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zimmerh/.


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Zimmermann, Max Georg

Full Name: Zimmermann, Max Georg

Gender: male

Date Born: 1861

Date Died: 1919

Home Country/ies: Germany


Overview

Director of the Schinkel Museum, Berlin.


Selected Bibliography

[dissertation:] Hanns Müelich und herzog Albrecht V.von Baiern. Munich, 1885, part of the complete thesis, Die bildenden Künste am Hofe herzog Albrecht’s V.von Bayern. Strassburg, J. H. E. Heitz, 1895; Carl Friedrich Schinkel: Kriegsdenkmäler aus Preussens grosser Zeit. Berlin: Der Zirkel, 1916; Oberitalische Plastik im frühen und hohen Mittelalter. Leipzig: A. G. Liebeskind, 1897; and Knackfuss, H. Allgemeine Kunstgeschichte. 3 vols. Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing, 1906-1914; Giotto und die Kunst Italiens im Mittelalter. Leipzig, E. A. Seemann, 1899.




Citation

"Zimmermann, Max Georg." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zimmermannm/.


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Zoëga, Georg

Full Name: Zoëga, Georg

Gender: male

Date Born: 1755

Date Died: 1809

Place Born: Dahler, Germany

Place Died: Rome, Lazio, Italy

Home Country/ies: Germany


Overview



Sources

Archäologenbildnisse: Porträts und Kurzbiographien von Klassichen Archäologen deutscher Sprache. Reinhard Lullies, ed. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1988: 10-11


Archives

Contributors: Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen


Citation

Emily Crockett and Lee Sorensen. "Zoëga, Georg." Dictionary of Art Historians (website). https://arthistorians.info/zoegag/.


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