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Orueta y Duarte, Ricardo de

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Orueta y Duarte, Ricardo de

Other Names:

Ricardo de Orueta

Gender: male

Date Born: 07 May 1868

Date Died: Feburary 2005

Place Born: Málaga, Málaga, Andalusia, Spain

Place Died: Madrid, Spain

Home Country/ies: Spain

Subject Area(s): Renaissance, Spanish (culture or style), and Spanish Renaissance-Baroque styles

Institution(s): Ministerio de Bellas Artes Madrid

Overview

Medievalist; Director General of Bellas Artes, Spain, from 1931-1933 and 1936. Orueta was the son of Francisca Duarte Cardenal (1837-1882), and Domingo de Orueta Aguirre (1833-1895) a naturalist and geologist. He was raised in Málaga, Spain where he studied painting at the Escuela de Bellas Artes (School of Fine Arts). He studied under Joaquín Martínez de la Vega (1846-1905) and worked closely with the painter Denis Belgrano (1844-1918). After finishing his studies in Malaga, Orueta moved to Paris and attended the School of Industrial Arts in Paris with French sculptor Aimé Millet (1819-1891). In 1911, he became a professor at the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (Free Institution of Education) which was founded by his family friend and education reformer, the philosopher Francisco Giner de los Ríos (1839-1915). During his time as a professor, he became politically involved with the Acción Republicana (Republican Action) and the Partido Reformista (Reform Party). He continued his investigation of Spanish sculpture under the art and archeology branch of the Centro de Estudios Históricos (Center of Historic Studies). There, Orueta published his important works including La vida y la obra de Pedro Menu y Medruno (1914), a monographic catalogue of the Andalusian sculptor, Berruguete y su obra (1917), La escultura funeraria en Espana (1919), and Gregorio Hernández (1920). In 1924, he published La expresión del dolor en la escultura castellana where he highlights the relationsip between Roman, gothic, and baroque sculpture and the social and cultural movements of the time. Later that year, he returned to school at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Academy of Fine Arts in San Fernando).

Between 1931-1933, Orueta served as the general director of Bellas Artes of the Spanish Republic. His main efforts were directed towards preserving and elevating Spain’s cultural heritage. Specifically, he facilitated public access to the Crown’s cultural heritage and argued for the regulation of art trade. To facilitate this, he created the Fichero de Arte Antiguo, the most extensive catalogue of Spain’s patrimony which included photographic documentation. Under the direction of Orueta, the Ley de Protección del Tesoro Artístico Nacional (Protective Law of National Artistic Treasures) was enacted in 1933. It defined Spain’s most valuable assets and ultimately allowed for their safekeeping during the Spanish Civil War. He was responsible for hiring two important art historians, Francisco Javier Sánchez Cantón, and Ricardo Gutiérrez Abascal, who wrote under the pseudonym Juan de la Encina. As the war progressed, Orueta was evacuated to Valencia in 1937 where he continued his research on Christian medieval sculpture. He returned to Madrid to direct the Bellas Artes ministry a second time in 1939. However a change of the party in control for the Second Spanish Republic forced his dismissal. He was succeeded at the ministry by the painter and socialist Josep Renau Berenguer (1907-1982); Orueta died the following February from consequences related to an accident falling down the stairs at the Museo Nacional de Reproducciones.

Selected Bibliography

Berruguete y su obra. Madrid:Calleja, 1917;
La visa y la obra de Pedro de Mena y Medrano, Centro de estudios Históricos (Spain), 1914;
La escultura funeraria en España. Provincias de Ciudad Real, Cuenca y Guadalajara (1919);
Gregorio Hernández (1920);
La expresión del dolor en la escultura castellana 1924;

Sources

“Orueta y Duarte, Ricardo.” in, Gaya Nuño, J.A. Historia de la crítica del arte en España, Ibérico-Europea. Madrid: Ibérico Europea de Ediciones, 1975, pp. 235-236, 247;
M. Cabañas, “Ricardo de Orueta y la Dirección General de Bellas Artes durante la II República y la Guerra Civil”; en VV. AA., Arte en tiempos de guerra, Madrid: CSIC, 2009, pp.481-498;
M. Bolaños, “Ricardo de Orueta. Crónica de un olvido”, Museos 2013;
M. Cabañas, “La Dirección General de Bellas Artes republicana y la gestión del patrimonio artístico de Ricardo de Orueta,” in VV. AA., Campo artístico y sociedad en España (1836-1936), Granada, Universidad de Granada, 2014, pp. 407-453;
Ricardo de Orueta (1868-1939), en el frente del arte, Madrid: AC/E, 2014.

Contributors: Denise Shkurovich and Lee Sorensen

Orsini, Fulvio

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Orsini, Fulvio

Gender: male

Date Born: 1529

Date Died: 1600

Place Born: Rome, Lazio, Italy

Place Died: Rome, Lazio, Italy

Home Country/ies: Italy

Subject Area(s): Antique, the and iconography

Career(s): art collectors

Overview

Antiquarian and collector; “father of modern iconography.” Orsini was an illegitimate child of a member of the noble Orsini family in Rome, probably of Maerbale Orsini. Abandoned by his father, he aligned himself with the choir boys of S Giovanni in Laterano and their protector Canon Gentile Delfini (d.1559), himself in the service of Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese (1530-1565). Orsini studied ancient languages, rising in the church until by 1554 he was a cannon. In 1559, at Delfini’s death, he moved into the Farnese patronage where he became secretary and librarian to the Cardinal himself. At Ranuccio Farnese’s death in 1565, his successor, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, kept him on as librarian adding to his duties keeper of the antiques and art work in the villa, Palazzo Farnese. Orsini acquired new works for Farnese collection, including drawings by Michelangelo, Raphael, Sebastiano del Piombo and others. He began collecting art personally, owning at least two paintings by El Greco, which may have been payment for steering Farnese commissions to certain artists. He also supplied inscriptions for the Cardinal’s commissions, and most importantly, developed the iconographic programs for the Farnese frescos in the Villa Farnese in Caprarola. As an historian, he published a history of Rome, Familiæ Romanæ ex antiquis numismatibus in 1577. As a linguist, he wrote a new edition of Arnobius of Sicca apologetics in 1583 and the Septuagint in 1587. Cardinal Alessandro died in 1589 and Orsini came into service of his third Farnese master, Cardinal Odoardo Farnese. He continued to oversee Farnese art interests, including composing the iconographic program for Annibale Carracci’s Camerino frescoes in the Palazzo Farnese. At his death, his collection passed to Odoardo Farnese. His collection are still part of the Farnese collection now at Capodimonte and Mus. Archeol. in Naples. Orsini held a deep interest in ancient iconography. In 1570 he published his Imagines et elogia virorum illustrium, a study of portraiture, which laid the groundwork for a new methodology for the study of classical portraiture. Orsini used all media, coins, sculpture, gems and inscriptions in his quest for reliable images. Orsini’s broad scholarship was followed by ever newer iconographies in succeeding generations, including Bellori’s Veterum illustrium philosophorum of 1685.

Selected Bibliography

Imagines et elogia virorvm illvstrivm et ervditor ex antiqvis lapidibvs et nomismatib. Rome: Ant. Lafrerij formeis, 1570.

Sources

“Portrait Iconography.” Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 924, mentioned; “Orsini.” The Catholic Encyclopedia ; Robertson, Clare. “Orsini, Fulvio.” Dictionary of Art.

Orlandos, Anastasios K

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Orlandos, Anastasios K

Gender: male

Date Born: 1888

Date Died: 1979

Place Born: Athens, Region of Attica, Greece

Place Died: Athens, Region of Attica, Greece

Home Country/ies: Greece

Subject Area(s): Ancient Greek (culture or style), architecture (object genre), Byzantine (culture or style), Classical, and sculpture (visual works)

Overview

Architectural historian of classical and Byzantine buildings; specialist on Greek architectural techniques. Orlandos was educated at the Polytechnic University in Athens where he initially studied studio architecture. He later attended Athens University, pursing philosophy, as well as universities in England, France and Italy. In 1920 he was appointed Professor of Architecture at Athens Polytechnic. Orlandos carried out the first archaeological excavations at ancient Stymphalos over seven summers between 1924 and 1930 on behalf of the Archaeological Society of Athens. In 1927 he published with Ferdinand Noack the excavations of Eleusis. He helped sponsor the third International Congress of Byzantine Studies in Athens in 1930 and edited the proceedings. In 1939 he moved to be Professor of Byzantine archaeology at the University of Athens. In 1953, as the result of excavations of two early Christian basilicas at the site of Episkopi (at Tegea, Greece), Orlandos published preserved mosaic floor with representation of the rivers of Edem and the months of the year from the so-called Basilica of Thyrsos, in the Bulletin of Byzantine and Christian Monuments of Greece. In 1969 he published his most influential work, Les Matériaux de construction et la technique architecturale des anciens Grecs appeared in 1969. He died at age ninety-one.

Selected Bibliography

and Noack, Ferdinand, and Kirchner, Johannes, and Körte, Alfred. Eleusis: die baugeschichtliche Entwicklung des Heiligtumes. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1927; Les Matériaux de construction et la technique architecturale des anciens Grecs. 2 vols. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1966-1968; He xylostegos palaiochristianike basilike tes Mesogeiakes lekanes. Melete peri tes geneseos tes katagoges tes architektonikes morphes kai tes diakosmeseos ton christianikon oikon latreias apo ton chronon mechris Ioystinianou. 3 vols. Athens: s.n., 1952-57.

Sources

“Orlandos, Anastasios K.” Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 829; “Archaeological Site of Episkopi at Tegea.” Hellenic Ministry of Culture. http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21105a/e211ea12.

Orlandi, Pellegrino Antonio

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Orlandi, Pellegrino Antonio

Gender: male

Date Born: 1660

Date Died: 1727

Place Born: Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Place Died: Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Home Country/ies: Italy

Subject Area(s): biographies (literary works), Italian (culture or style), and painting (visual works)

Career(s): art historians and biographers

Overview

Writer and historian of Italian artists and painting. Orlandi was a member of the Carmelite order and lived at the Bolognese convent of San Martino, where he collected paintings and prints. Orlandi’s art historical research earned him membership in the Bolognese Accademia Clementina. In 1704, he published the Abecedario pittorico, the first collection of artists biographies organized alphabetically in Italian. The book’s second edition was published in 1719. Orlandi corresponded with artists and collectors in Rome and Florence to obtain updated information for the new edition, which elevated the Abecedario’s status from a collection of biographies to a handbook about art and artistic practices. The book included bibliographies on books about artists as well as information about history, mythology, and poetry. In this sense, it constitutes one of the earliest art bibliographies every written. During the 19th century, the Abecedario was criticized for its inaccuracy by Giuseppe B. Campori
, however, it was the most complete resource for information on artists during the 18th century.

Selected Bibliography

Notizie degli scrittori bolognesi e dell’ opere loro stampate e manoscritte. Bologna: Costantino Pisarri, 1714; Abecedario pittorico nel quale compendiosamente sono descritte le patrie, i maestri, ed i tempi, ne’ quali fiorino, circa quattro mila professori di pittura, di scultura e d’architettura. Bologna: Const. Pisari, 1704.

Sources

Sorensen, Lee. “Art Bibliographies: A Survey of their Development, 1595-1821.” Library Quarterly 56 (January 1986) pp. 31-55; The Dictionary of Art

Contributors: LaNitra Michele Walker

Orbaan, J. A. F.

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Orbaan, J. A. F.

Other Names:

Johannes Albertus Franciscus Orbaan

Gender: male

Date Born: 1874

Date Died: 1933

Home Country/ies: Netherlands

Subject Area(s): archives (institutions) and Italian (culture or style)

Career(s): archivists, journalists, and researchers

Overview

Researcher of Italian archives; art historian; journalist. In 1903, Orbaan earned his doctoral degree from the University of Amsterdam with a dissertation on the Flemish painter and draughtsman Jan van der Straet (1523-1605), who worked at the court of the Medici, Stradanus te Florence, 1553-1605. This study, published in 1903, received a positive review in Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft (1904). In 1903 and 1904 Orbaan published short articles, “Italiaansche gegevens” (Italian Notes) in Oud Holland on Dutch and Flemish artists who had been working in Italy in the sixteenth century, in Florence, Siena, and Rome. At that time, Orbaan lived in Rome, working as a journalist for the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, one of the leading Dutch newspapers. In 1904 he became an assistant at the newly founded Nederlandsch Historisch Instituut in Rome. In this position, he was commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Interior Affairs to search the Roman archives in order to collect information on Dutch artists and scholars who had stayed in Italy, or had a special connection with this country. His research was to be published in one of the series of the Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën. In the Vatican Library Orbaan focused on Dutch and Flemish persons from the Northern and Southern Netherlands, up to 1720. Due to a disagreement with his employers, in 1909 Orbaan, who then was married to Alice Baker, quit his position at the Dutch Institute. His archival work was continued by his successor, G. J. Hoogewerff, even though the results of the work that Orbaan had carried out in the Vatican Library between 1904 and 1909 was published, as planned, in the Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën series, Bescheiden in Italië omtrent Nederlandsche kunstenaars en geleerden (1911). A different part of Orbaan’s research was published separately as Sixtine Rome (covering the years 1585-1590). In 1913, a son was born in Rome, Albert (1913-1983), who later became a writer and book illustrator. Orbaan continued working in the archives in Rome and in other Italian cities. His collection “Documenti sul Barocco in Roma” appeared in the Miscellanea della R. Società Romana di Storia Patria. Another book on Rome’s history during the period 1592-1605, Rome onder Clemens VIII (Aldobrandini), was published in 1920. In his 1920 and 1921 contributions to Oud Holland, “Rome, zooals Hooft het zag” (Rome as seen by Hooft), Orbaan walks through Rome in the footsteps of the Utrecht scholar Arend van Buchel, or Buchelius (1565-1641), and the Dutch poet P. C. Hooft. The latter was in Rome in 1600, while Buchelius stayed in the city in 1587-1588. Orbaan continued publishing numerous articles, including “Florentijnsche gegevens” (Florentine Notes) and “Milaneesche gegevens” (Milanese Notes) in Oud Holland, up to 1932. He died a year later, at age 59. His work as an independent researcher resulted in a number of publications, in particular on the architectural history of the city of Rome.

Selected Bibliography

[dissertation, Amsterdam University] Stradanus te Florence, 1553-1605. Rotterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar, 1903; Sixtine Rome. London: Constable & Co, 1910, New York: Baker and Taylor, 1911; Bescheiden in Italië omtrent Nederlandsche kunstenaars en geleerden. 1. Rome. Vaticaansche Bibliotheek. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1911; Der Abbruch Alt-Sankt-Peters, 1605-1615. Berlin: Grote, 1919; Rome onder Clemens VIII (Aldobrandini) 1592-1605. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1920; “Documenti sul Barocco in Roma” Miscellanea della Reale Società Romana di Storia Patria. Roma: Nella sede della Società, 1920.

Sources

Cools, Hans and others. Institutum Neerlandicum MCMIV – MMIV. Honderd jaar Nederlands Instituut te Rome. Hilversum: Verloren, 2004, pp. 49-50; J. A. F. Orbaan. “Inleiding” in Bescheiden in Italië omtrent Nederlandsche kunstenaars en geleerden. 1. Rome. Vaticaansche Bibliotheek. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1911, pp. I-XXII.

Contributors: Monique Daniels

Opdycke, Leonard E., Jr.

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Opdycke, Leonard E., Jr.

Other Names:

Leonard Opdycke

Gender: male

Date Born: 1895

Date Died: 20 May 1977

Place Died: Boston, Suffolk, MA, USA

Home Country/ies: United States

Overview

Opdycke’s father was Leonard Opdycke, Sr. (1856-1914), a New York lawyer and social philanthropist and his mother Edith Bell (Opdycke) (1857-1946). His grandfather was a Civil War brigadier general and hero of the Battle of Chickamauga, Samuel Emerson Opdycke (1830-1884). The younger Opdycke was raised in the privileged family circumstances of his independently-wealthy parents. He graduated from Harvard summa cum laude in 1917. He entered the navy in World War I rising to the rank of ensign. After the war he continued for his master’s degree in art history at Harvard, receiving it in 1920. He joined the department, eventually becoming associate professor of art history (the highest he could achieve without a Ph.D.). During World War II he taught mathematics, naval navigation and naval history in Boston and other venues. He succeeded Frederick B. Deknatel as chair of the art department in 1949. Opdycke taught introductory courses in Renaissance art history and British art. He died at his Boston home at age 82. His papers are held by Harvard University Archives. James H. Stubblebine sites Opdycke’s undergraduate courses in art history as inspiring him to pursue art history himself.

Selected Bibliography

“Group of Models for Berninesque Sculpture.” Bulletin of the Fogg Art Museum 7 (March 1938): 25-30; Photographs of the United States Navy, 1883-1917. Cambridge, MA: Fogg Art Museum, 1942.

Sources

Stubblebine, James. “Preface and Acknowledgment.” Guido da Siena. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964, p. vii; [obituary:] “Leonard Opdycke, was Professor of Fine Arts at Harvard University.” New York Times 25 May 1977, p. 99.

Oldenbourg, Rudolf

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Oldenbourg, Rudolf

Gender: male

Date Born: 1887

Date Died: 1921

Place Born: Munich, Bavaria, Germany

Place Died: Badenweiler, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Home Country/ies: Germany

Subject Area(s): Flemish (culture or style), painting (visual works), and seventeenth century (dates CE)

Career(s): curators

Overview

Museum curator and historian of 17th century Flemish painting. Oldenbourg was the son of the eminent Munich book publisher Rudolf, Ritter von Oldenbourg (1845-1913). The younger Oldenbourg studied in Vienna and Halle, and wrote a dissertation on painter Thomas de Keyser under the direction of Adolph Goldschmidt in 1911. After receiving his degree, he became an assistant at the Alte Pinakothek in Munich, which led to a position as a curator of paintings in the Kaiser-Friedrich Museum in Berlin. While working at the Kaiser-Friedrich, Oldenbourg wrote several essays on Rubens and the influence of Italian art on his paintings. Among them was a pioneering survey of 17th-century Flemish painting, Die Flämische Malerei des XVII. A revised edition of Oldenbourg’s writings on Rubens was published posthumously in the series Klassiker der Kunst, completed by Ludwig Burchard.

Selected Bibliography

[dissertation:] Thomas de Keyser’s Tätigkeit als Maler; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des holländischen Porträts. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1911; Peter Paul Rubens: Sammlung der von Rudolf Oldenbourg veröffentlichten oder zur Veröffentlichung vorbereiteten Abhandlung über den Meister. Wilhelm von Bode, ed. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1922; and Uhde-Bernays, Hermann. Die Münchner Malerei im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Munich: F. Bruckmann, 1922; Die Flämische Malerei des XVII. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1918.

Sources

The Dictionary of Art

Contributors: LaNitra Michele Walker

Okladnikov, A. P.

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Okladnikov, A. P.

Other Names:

Aleksei Pavlovich Okladnikov

Gender: male

Date Born: 1908

Date Died: 1981

Place Born: Konstantinovshchina, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia

Place Died: Moscow, Russia

Home Country/ies: Russia

Subject Area(s): archaeology and prehistoric

Overview

Archaeologist and historian of prehistoric art and culture. For twenty-three years, Okladnikov served as a staff member of the USSR Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Archaeology in Leningrad. His research concentrated on the art of the Bronze Age in the Baikal region, and the monuments of the Neolithic Age. In 1961, Okladinov was appointed head of the humanities research department of the Institute of Economics in the USSR Academy of Science’s Siberian division. One year later, he became a professor and chair of the history department at Novosibirsk University. In 1968, Okladinov was received the title of academician by the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Selected Bibliography

Keramika drevnego poseleniia Kondon : Priamur’e. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo “Nauka,” Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1984; Ancient Art of the Amur Region: Ancient Art of the Russian Far East. New York: Abrams, 1981; and A. I Mazin. Pisanitsy reki Olekmy i Verkhnego Priamur’ia. AN SSSR, Sib. otd-nie, In-t istorii, filologii i filosofii. Novosibirsk: Nauka, Sib. otd-nie, 1976.

Sources

The Dictionary of Art

Contributors: LaNitra Michele Walker

Okkonen, Onni

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Okkonen, Onni

Gender: male

Date Born: 1886

Date Died: 1962

Home Country/ies: Finland

Subject Area(s): Italian (culture or style)

Overview

Scholar of Italian art, succeeded J. J. Tikkanen as a professor of aesthetics and art history at the University of Helsinki.

Sources

Vakkari, Johanna. “Alcuni contemporanei finlandesi di Lionello Venturi: Osvald Siren, Tancred Borenius, Onni Okkonen.” Storia dell’Arte 101 (2002): 108-17.

Scholar of Italian art, succeeded J. J. Tikkanen as a professor of aesthetics and art history at the University of Helsinki.

Okakura, Tenshin

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Okakura, Tenshin

Other Names:

Tenshin Kakuz Okakura

Gender: male

Date Born: 1863

Date Died: 1913

Place Born: Yokohama, Fukui, Japan

Place Died: Niigata Prefecture, Japan

Home Country/ies: Japan

Subject Area(s): Asian, Japanese (culture or style), Japanese painting styles, Nihonga, and painting (visual works)

Career(s): curators

Overview

Museum curator and historian of Japanese painting. After graduating from Tokyo Imperial University in 1880, Okakura became a member of the Ministry of Education. His interests later turned to art education, allowing him to travel to Europe and America to do research on art education methods. Upon his return to Japan, Okakura was appointed head of the Tokyo School of Fine Arts. His leadership encouraged artists to develop a new style of painting that combined the conventional style of the Japanese painting technique Nihonga with Western realism. After resigning from the School of Fine Arts in 1898, Okakura created the Japan Art Institute. His interest in Western painting, and his knowledge of Japanese painting styles led Okakura to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, where he served as both an advisor and as the head of the East Asian department.

Selected Bibliography

The Ideals of the East: with Special Reference to the Art of Japan. London: J. Murray, 1920; The Awakening of Japan. New York: Special ed. for Japan Society, Inc., 1921.

Sources

The Dictionary of Art

Contributors: LaNitra Michele Walker

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