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Caumont, Arcisse de

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Caumont, Arcisse de

Other Names:

Arcisse de Caumont

Gender: male

Date Born: 1801

Date Died: 1873

Place Born: Bayeaux, Normandie, France

Place Died: Magny, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France

Home Country/ies: France

Subject Area(s): archaeology, French (culture or style), and Romanesque

Institution(s): Université de Caen Normandie

Overview

Archaeologist; reviver of interest in Romanesque sculpture in France; first to use the term (but not the concept); founder of the Société Française d’Archéologie. Caumont was born to a prominent Normandy family. He studied at the University in Caen under Abbé Gervais de la Rue (1751-1835) and Charles Gerville, who, exiles to England during the first empire, imbued Caumont with English ideas. In 1819 he graduated and began legal studies. In 1823 he helped found the Société Linnéenne du Calvados and the following year, with Gerville, the abbé Gervais, and Auguste Le Prévost, the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie later becoming secretary. The same year Caumont published his Essai sur l’architecture du Moyen Age, the first of a number of books discussing archaeological method as much as history and the first instance of the use of the term Romanesque (Romane). He was was admitted to the bar in 1825. Beginning in 1830, he issued his Cours d’antiquités monumentales, which ran to six volumes through 1841. Both the Essai and the Cours detailed his archaeological method of research, classification and comparative method. He met the early British medievalist Thomas Rickman during Rickman’s visit to France. His prominence as a modern archaeologist led him to found the Société Française d’Archéologie in 1834. The Society was both national and pragmatic: it saved numerous monuments from demolition during its years of existence meeting in a different département (or state) each year and highlighting the medieval monuments there. Its Bulletin monumental became a major organ for medieval studies. A general survey of medieval architecture, Histoire de l’architecture religieuse au moyen âge, appeared in 1841. The following year, his Abécédaire ou rudiment d’archéologie was published, an important early book for the history of Church ornament (Cahn). His interest and devotion to his home province drove him to form the Association Normande and its concomitant journal, L’Annuaire des cinq départements de l’ancienne Normandie. Most of his work was discontinued in 1870 because of increasing ill health. After his death, most of the associations he had founded either disbanded or were fundamentally changed. Caumont is considered one of the founders of modern archaeology in France, which came to later include (as used in the French meaning of archéologie) the study of art history as well. His writings on Romanesque sculpture revived the interest in that period of medieval art solidified by the concept put forth by Gerville in 1818 and John Britton in England whose Cathedral Antiquities has been appearing since 1814. Essai sur l’architecture du Moyen Age marked the beginning of what became a continuous development of the modern histories of medieval art (Bober). Caumont’s work built upon the influence of Auguste Le Prévost (1787-1859), who was instrumental in fostering other commissions for monument protection, including the Société Libre de l’Eure and the Commission des Antiquités de Seine-Inférieure. It was Caumont alone who distilled and shaped the contributions of Gerville, Le Prévost and Sulpiz Boisserée into the academic structure which formally became cultural and intellectual history (Bober). Caumont’s work laid the foundation for national monument preservation in many countries. Caumont was also a champion of decentralized intellectual institutions, both scientific and historic. As both a legitimist and a devoted Roman Catholic, he criticized the “Jacobin cancer” of centralization in Paris.

Selected Bibliography

Essai sur l’architecture religieuse du moyen âge, principalement en Normandie. Memoires de la Société des Antiquaries de Normandie, 1824; Cours d’antiquités monumentales professé à Caen, en 1830: histoire de l’art dans l’ouest de la France depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’au XVIIe siècle. 12 vols. Paris: Lance/Caen: T. Chalopin/Rouen: Frère, 1830-1841; Abécédaire ou rudiment d’archéologie. Caen: F. Le Blanc-Hardel, 1869.

Sources

Summerson, John. “Viollet-le-Duc and the Rational Point of View.” Heavenly Mansions and Other Essays on Architecture. New York: Norton, 1963, p. 138; Bober, Harry. “Editor’s Foreward.” in, Mâle, émile. Religious Art in France: the Twelfth Century: a Study of the Origins of Medieval Iconography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978, pp. viii; Leniaud, Jean-Michel. “Caumont, Arcisse de.” Dictionary of Art; DBF; Huchet, B. “Arcisse de Caumont (1801-1873).” Positions des thèses soutenues par les élèves de la promotion de … pour obtenir le diplôme d’archiviste paléographe [of the] Ecole nationale des chartes. Paris: Ecole nationale des chartes, 1984, pp. 49-53; Cahn, Walter. “Henri Focillon.” Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline. Volume 3: Philosophy and the Arts. Edited by Helen Damico. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 2110. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000, p. 265, mentioned.

Castiglione, Baldassare

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Castiglione, Baldassare

Gender: male

Date Born: 1478

Date Died: 1528

Home Country/ies: Italy

Overview

The Coutier (1527) describes artists

Sources

KGK, 23

Cassou, Jean

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Cassou, Jean

Gender: male

Date Born: 1897

Date Died: 1986

Home Country/ies: France

Overview

Casson, Stanley

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

**Image Credit:** Monuments Men and Women

Full Name: Casson, Stanley

Gender: male

Date Born: 1889

Date Died: 1944

Place Born: England, UK

Place Died: Greece [World War II casualty, specific location not recorded]

Home Country/ies: United Kingdom

Subject Area(s): Ancient Greek (culture or style), Antique, the, Classical, Greek sculpture styles, Modern (style or period), and sculpture (visual works)

Overview

Historian of modern sculpture and ancient Greece; studied effect of technique upon style in Greek art. Casson attended Merchant Taylors School and Lincoln and St. John’s College, Oxford, initially studying anthropology before changing to archaeology. His major area was Hellenism. He was appointed assistant director of the British School in Athens in 1919, which he held until 1922. As editor of the Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum, the set appeared the same year. In 1927 he was made a reader at Oxford University. He was Special Lecturer in Art, Bristol University in 1931. A scholar of historical geography, particularly in Macedonia, he turned his interests to art, publishing his important Technique of Early Greek Sculpture in 1933. His interest in sculpture turned to contemporary artists as well. Casson was a visiting Professor at Bowdin College, ME, 1933-34. He volunteered for British army during World War II and achieved the rank of Lt. Colonel before he was killed in action.

Selected Bibliography

The Technique of Early Greek Sculpture. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1933; Some Modern Sculptors. London: Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1928; XXth Century Sculptors. London: Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1930; and Dickins, Guy, and, Nicholson, Dorothy L. Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: The University Press, 1912-1921.

Sources

Kleinbauer, W. Eugene. Research Guide to the History of Western Art. Sources of Information in the Humanities, no. 2. Chicago: American Library Association, 1982, p. 42 ; Medwid, Linda M. The Makers of Classical Archaeology: A Reference Work. New York: Humanity Books, 2000 pp. 55-56; Ridgway, David. “Casson, Stanley.” Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, vol. 1, p. 253.

Cassirer, Ernst

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Cassirer, Ernst

Gender: male

Date Born: 1874

Date Died: 1945

Place Born: Wrocław, Poland

Place Died: New York, NY, USA

Home Country/ies: Germany

Subject Area(s): art history, historiography, and philosophy

Career(s): philosophers

Overview

Philosopher whose work was influential for art history and historiography. Cassirer was born in Breslau, Silesia, Prussia which is present-day Wroclaw, Poland. He attended the Gymnasium in Breslau before admission to the University of Berlin where he studied jurisprudence and philosophy. Like many students of the era, he also attended university lectures at the universities of Leipzig, Munich, and Heidelberg. He settled at the University of Marburg in 1886. His Ph.D. in philosophy (summa cum laude) appeared in 1899. He became a privatdozent at the University of Berlin in the years before World War I. He married Toni Bondy in 1902. Cassirer served (was drafted) for the German civil service during World War I. After Germany’s defeat, he was appointed professor at the University of Hamburg in 1919. He was named rector in 1930. The advent of the Nazi regime in 1933 forced Cassirer to resign. He immigrated to England were he taught as a lecturer at All Souls College, Oxford University until 1935 He received a professorship at the University of Goeteborg, Sweden, in philosophy, in 1935. He became naturalized Swedish citizen in the 1930s. Cassirer remained there until 1941 when he became a visiting professor at Yale University in 1941. He moved to Columbia University under the same status as visiting professor of philosophy, 1944-45.

Selected Bibliography

The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer. Paul A. Schilp, ed. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1949.

Sources

KMP, 61-62 mentioned. Silvia Ferretti. Cassierer, Panofsky, and Warburg: Symbol, Art and History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.

Caskey, Lacey D.

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Caskey, Lacey D.

Other Names:

Lacey Davis Caskey

Gender: male

Date Born: 1880

Date Died: 1944

Place Born: Honesdale, Wayne, PA, USA

Place Died: Wellesley, Norfolk, MA, USA

Home Country/ies: United States

Subject Area(s): ancient and Classical

Career(s): curators

Overview

Curator of Classical Art, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1912-1944. Caskey was the son of Rev. Taliaferro F. Caskey and Phoebe Lacey. He was raised in Dresden, Germany, where his father had a chaplaincy, and though educated in English-language schools (1882-1897), acquired numerous languages early on. He graduated from Yale, his father’s alma mater, class of 1901, joining the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, first as a Fellow and then between 1905-1908 as the Secretary. At the British and American classical schools in Athens, he met fellows scholars such as Sidney Norton Deane (1878-1943), Guy Dickins, Bert Hill (1874-1958) and later J. D. Beazley. He returned to America only briefly during these years to teach at Yale. Initially, Caskey’s interest was in architecture and architectural inscriptions. The later book on the measurements of the Erechtheum on which he helped contains research dating from this time. At his return to the United States in 1908, Caskey was appointed Assistant Curator of Classical Art at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. He received his Ph.D. in 1912 and was immediately appointed Curator at the Boston Museum. He remained at Boston Museum until his death. At the BMFA, Caskey’s initial duties were to study and publish the important finds acquired by the Museum by Edward P. Warren (1860-1928) and John Marshall (1862-1928), the gay couple who formed a team securing important works of sculpture and vase painting in Europe for the Museum earlier in the century, under the direction of Arthur Fairbanks. Under his curatorship, the Museum acquired the Minoan Snake Goddess, the gold bowl of the Kypselids (Olympia) and the Syracusan Demareteion. Caskey married Dickins widow, Mary Hamilton Dickins, after her first husband’s death in World War I. At Caskey’s death he was succeeded by George Henry Chase as acting Curator. Caskey left a relatively modest body of publications. He wrote laboriously and without the encouragement to publish academics find for themselves. W. G. Constable characterized him as, though interested in archaeology, an art historian. He disparaged museum practice of spotlighting objects, extensive explanation or other techniques that detracted from experiencing the object directly.

Selected Bibliography

[dissertation:] The Building-Inscriptions of the Erectheum. Yale, 1912; and Beazley, John D. Attic Vase Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 3vols. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts/Oxford University Press, 1931-1963; and Paton, James Morton, and Stevens, Gorham P., and Fowler, Harold North, and Paton, James Morton. The Erechtheum, Measured. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press/American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1927; Geometry of Greek Vases: Attic vases in the Museum of Fine Arts Analysed According to the Principles of Proportion. Boston: Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1922.

Sources

[obituaries:] “Lacey D. Caskey, Curator of Classical Antiquities at Boston Fine Arts Museum.” New York Times May 23, 1944, p. 23; Constable, William G. “Lacey D. Caskey.” (Archaeological News and Discussions). American Journal of Archaeology 48, No. 3 (July 1944): 275-276; Boston Museum of Fine Arts 42 (1944): 37-38.

Casier, Joseph

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Casier, Joseph

Gender: male

Date Born: 1852

Date Died: 1925

Place Born: Ghent, East Flanders, Flanders, Belgium

Place Died: Ghent, East Flanders, Flanders, Belgium

Home Country/ies: Belgium

Subject Area(s): Antique, the

Overview

Antiquarian; organized important early exhibion on the van Eyck. Casier was the son of Désiré Casier (1824-1815), joint owner of a textile company, Casier Frères, and Henriette Le Grand (1825-1899). He was raised in a conservative Roman Catholic home, tutored by his parents and parish priest. He attended the Ghent Sint Barbara College and then entered the Collège Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur where he graduated in 1870. Casier was awarded a Doctor of Rights (law degree) at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in 1873. His interest, however, was never in law. He joined the family business studying mechanics and industrial statistics, under Henri de Wilde at Ghent University. Casier became interested in archaeology and medieval art in Leuven. He studied under the bibliographer Father Augustin de Backer (1809-1873) and the theologian Edmond H. J. Reussens. Casier joined the Guild of St. Thomas and Sint-Lucas in 1877, whose interested was promoting strict archaeological history.He married Henriette Leirens (1856-1886) in 1878, daughter of a textile manufacturer from Aalst. Casier was fired from the family firm in Casier Frères, becoming a partner in 1883 in another textile mill in Aalst. By 1886 his wife and two of his four children had died and Casier watched as the declining economy closed his and many other textile mills by 1896. He then worked as an insurance inspector for the Flanders Royale Belge, supplementing his income in a glass window design studio. When the gothic revival architect Jean Baptiste Bethune (1821-1894) an exponent of the Guild, died in 1894, Casier took over. He began experimenting with photography, then a medium reserved for wealthy hobbiests. He published articles in the Bulletin of the Guild and in the Revue de l’Art Chrétien which included photographs and drawings by him. Casier began photographing church architecture and picturesque rural life. He was elected a member of the Association Belge de Photographie in 1890 and president by 1895, which he held with brief interruptions until 1904. Changes in the mission of the Catholic church’s social mission led Casier to membership in ‘Le Bien Public’ in 1885. With the mayor of Ghent, Emile Braun, he worked toward the historic preservation of Ghent, including the Castle of the Counts and the “cockpit” (the area around the St. Bavo’s Cathedral, the Belfry, St. Nicholas Church and the Town Hall). The 1912 death of Ferdinand van der Haeghen (1830-1913), known as “the father of archeology in Ghent,” Casier became chair of the Municipal Commission for Monuments. In his capacity, he promoted the restoration of the Gothic abbey and Bijloke in order to turn them into an archaeological museum. The World Exhibition in Ghent in 1913 was an opportunnity for Casier to launch the retrospective exhibition “L’Art Ancien dans les Flandres,” together with Paul Bergmans (1868-1935) and create a monument in honor of the brothers Van Eyck. Late in 1923 Casier was diagnosed with a heart condition. He continued his heady pace of research and succomed to a heart attack in 1925 from which he died serveral months later.

Selected Bibliography

and Bergmans, Paul. L’art ancien dans les Flandres (région de l’Escaut): mémorial de l’exposition rétrospective organisée à Gand en 1913. Brussels/Paris: G. van Oest & cie,1914; Les orfèvres flamands et leurs poinçons, XVe – XVIIIe. siècles. Ghent: Museum van Oudheden der Byloke/Commission des monuments et des sites de la ville de Gand, 1914; Le Musée des Beaux-Arts de Gand: Notice historique. Ghent: F.I. Vanderpsoort, 1922.

Sources

Bergmans, Paul. “Notice sur la Vie et les Travaux the Joseph Casier (1852-1925).” Gent, 1925; “Inventaris van het Achief van de Familie Casirer.” KADOC, http://kadoc.kuleuven.be/db/inv/107.pdf

Carter, John

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Carter, John

Other Names:

John Carter

Gender: male

Date Born: 1748

Date Died: 1817

Home Country/ies: United Kingdom

Subject Area(s): architecture (object genre) and sculpture (visual works)

Overview

Architectural historian. Attempted to write a survey of English medieval architecture following History of Gothic and Saxon Architecture in England(1798) by Browne Willis.

Sources

Crook, J. Mordaunt. John Carter and the Mind of the Gothic Revival. London: W.S. Maney & Son/Society of Antiquaries of London, 1995

Architectural historian. Attempted to write a survey of English medieval architecture following History of Gothic and Saxon Architecture in England(1798) by Browne Willis.

Carritt, David Graham

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Carritt, David Graham

Other Names:

Hugh David Graham Carritt

Gender: male

Date Born: 1927

Date Died: 1982

Place Born: England, UK

Place Died: London, Greater London, England, UK

Home Country/ies: United Kingdom

Subject Area(s): Modern (style or period)

Career(s): art dealers

Overview

Art historian and dealer, responsible for many sensational painting discoveries in the post-World-War II period. Carritt was educated at Rugby School 1939-44 before attending Christ Church College, Oxford. While still at school he drew the attention of Benedict Nicolson, then editor of the Burlington Magazine, as someone which extraordinary art-historical perceptiveness. Nicholson took Carritt to visit the great Italian art authority, Bernard Berenson in Florence, who also was impressed with the Carritt’s gifts. (Of this encounter, Carritt related that he “corrected” some of Berenson’s attributions). In 1952, Carritt, then only 25, made perhaps the most important discovery in his career. In the remote home of a retired surgeon captain of the British Navy, Carritt discovered a painting by Caravaggio, The Musicians, now owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Carritt worked freelance for a few years before becoming a director at Christies auction house in 1964. During his years at Christies, Carritt obtained many important pictures for the firm to sell. He left Christie’s in 1970 to found his own firm, David Carritt, Ltd, and become director of the international consortium of art dealers, Artemis. In 1977, Carritt identified a painting at Mentmore Towers auction house, incorrectly attributed to Carl van Loo, as actually by Fragonard. Though the sale was heavily attended and publicized, Carritt bought the masterpiece for a nominal £38000 (ca. $14000). The painting, today known as Toilet of Psyche, is now owned by the National Gallery, London, valued for more than 70 times what Carritt paid for it. Among his other discoveries were a Roger van der Weyden at a cottage in Bray and a set of large Guardi canvases rolled at a country house in Ireland. As the head of David Carritt, Ltd., Carritt sponsored many scholarly exhibitions and issued important catalogs. He died of cancer at age 55.Carritt represented the 19th-century-style art historian, whose position was based primarily upon opinions, connoisseurship, hubris and an extensive amount of travel and personal experience. Notoriously outspoken, he devoted more of his energies to the life of a raconteur than a scholar. Of his extensive knowledge, very little was left in published form.

Selected Bibliography

Fifteen Etchings by Rembrandt. London: D. Carritt, 1993; The Classical Ideal: Athens to Picasso. London: D. Carritt, 1979.

Sources

Russell, John. “David Carritt, English Art Critic, Historian and Dealer, Dies at 55.” New York Times August 5, 1982; p. B14; “Mr David Carritt.” The Times [London]. August 4, 1982; p. 12.

Carrington, Fitzroy

November 8, 2023March 29, 2024

Full Name: Carrington, Fitzroy

Gender: male

Date Born: 1869

Date Died: 1954

Place Born: Greater London, Surrey, England

Place Died: Old Lyme, New London, Connecticut, USA

Home Country/ies: United States

Subject Area(s): graphic arts and prints (visual works)

Career(s): curators

Institution(s): Harvard University and Museum of Fine Art Boston

Overview

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, curator of prints, founded Print Collector’s quarterly. Carrington was born in Surbiton, Surrey, England (today, Greater London) in 1869 to R. C. and Sarah Jane (née Pewtress) Carrington. He was educated at Bute House in Petersham, England before attending college at Victoria College on the Island of Jersey. In 1886, he moved to Minnesota, United States. He briefly worked in agriculture, but soon began surveying for the Great Northern Railway. Afterwards, he was employed by Harington Beard (ca. 1868-1940), a fine art dealer in the city. In 1892, he moved to New York City and began working as a clerk and salesman at Keppel & Co, a business that sold etchings and engravings. He worked his way through the ranks at Keppel & Co. first as partner, then general manager, treasurer, and a minority stockholder. He married Charlotte Austen Singleton (1873-1951) in 1897. In 1899, he began publishing books, though his initial works mainly focus on poetry. Though not formally trained as an art critic, he is recognized as one in the 1908 edition of Who’s Who in New York City and State due to his work editing, arranging, and writing introductions for various books of fine art. At the time most of these were still books of poetry, but some had started to feature pictures as complements to the verse. In 1911 he began publishing The Print-Collector’s Quarterly, at the time “the only serious journal devoted to prints in the English language.” (Sizer) In 1912, Carrington published Prints and their Makers: Essays on Engravers and Etchers Od and Modern. In 1913, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston appointed him Curator of the Department of Prints and taking over the publication of the Quarterly. He was simultaneously recommended by the Fine Arts Department at Harvard University to serve as a lecturer. During his time in Boston, he also assisted founding the Children’s Art Center. During World War I publication of the Quarterly ceased and afterward it was transferred to the British Museum on the editorship of Campbell Dodgson. Carrington resigned from the Museum to return to private business in 1921, succeeded at the Museum by Henry P. Rossiter. Carrington worked for M. Knoedler & Co., art gallery in New York. He retired in 1942. While visiting friends in Old Lyme, Connecticut, in 1954 he died.

Colleagues estimated that Carrington did “more…for scholarship in prints in English” than nearly any other person. (Sizer) Though not a trained or especially learned scholar, his devotion to the field of etchings and engravings brought him high profile. The lectures he gave on prints at Harvard were among the first–if not the first–formal courses offered on prints, a curatorial discipline later developed at Harvard by Paul J. Sachs. As an exponent of prints as an art form he stands in league with early curators of prints, William M. Ivins, Jr., A. Hyatt Mayor, Carl Zigrosser and Adelyn Dohme Breeskin. He raised the profile of prints studies in America, particularly fifteenth-century engravings.

Selected Bibliography

Carrington, Fitz Roy. 1912. Prints and their makers; essays on engravers and etchers old and modern. New York: The Century Co. https://archive.org/details/printstheirmaker00carr/page/n12.
Carrington, Fitz Roy. 1917. Engravers and etchers; six lectures delivered on the Scammon Foundation at the Art Institute of Chicago, March 1916. [Chicago]: The Art Institute of Chicago. https://archive.org/details/engraversetchers00carr/page/n4.

Sources

Hamersly, Lewis Randolph, John W. Leonard, William Frederick Mohr, Herman Warren Knox, Frank R. Holmes, and Winfield Scott Downs. Who’s Who in New York City and State. New York, NY: L.R. Hamersly Co., 1904. https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinnewyor00holmgoog/page/n126.
Hamersly, Lewis Randolph, John W. Leonard, William Frederick Mohr, Herman Warren Knox, Frank R. Holmes. Who’s Who in New York City and State. New York, NY: L.R. Hamersly Co., 1908. https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinnewyork00hame_0/page/238.
“The Print Department of the Museum: Appointment of Mr. FitzRoy Carrington.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 10, no. 59 (1912): 42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4423566.
Whitehill, Walter Muir. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: a Centennial History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1970, pp. 387-390.

Contributors: Arial Hart

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